## Facts

- The parties entered into a contract requiring payment "in Lagos."
- The sellers interpreted "in Lagos" to require payment in Nigerian pounds in Lagos.
- The buyers made payment in Sterling in London, believing this fulfilled the contractual requirement.
- This led to a dispute when both parties interpreted the payment location and currency differently.
- The House of Lords found that the phrase "in Lagos" was ambiguous and did not clearly specify the required currency for payment.
- The lack of clarity in the contract's wording resulted in significant disagreement and litigation between the parties.

## Issues

1. Whether the contractual term requiring payment "in Lagos" was sufficiently clear to specify the required currency for payment.
2. Whether ambiguity in the contract language affected the parties' obligations and rights under the agreement.
3. To what extent courts may look to context and trade practices to interpret unclear contractual terms.

## Decision

- The House of Lords held that the phrase "in Lagos" was unclear and did not specify the payment currency.
- This ambiguity led to a legitimate difference in interpretation between the parties.
- The Court focused on the inadequacy of the contract's express wording, rather than resolving the dispute through background context or industry customs.
- The decision emphasized the serious consequences of unclear contractual drafting, especially in international commercial agreements.

## Legal Principles

- Contractual terms must be clear, specific, and unambiguous, particularly regarding essential terms such as payment, currency, and delivery.
- Vague or ambiguous terms can cause conflicting interpretations and result in disputes or allegations of breach.
- While courts may consider the background to a contract and industry norms, written terms take precedence unless overridden by clear contextual evidence.
- Careful drafting, including explicit definitions of key terms and legal review, is key to ensuring contracts reflect parties' true intentions and preventing interpretative disputes.

## Conclusion

The _Woodhouse_ decision demonstrates the importance of precision and clarity in contractual language, especially concerning essential terms such as payment currency and location. The House of Lords' ruling highlights that ambiguous terms can lead to costly disputes, making meticulous contract drafting and explicit definition of terms essential in both domestic and international commercial transactions.


Woodhouse AC Israel Cocoa Ltd SA v Nigerian Produce Marketing Co [1972] AC 741