## Facts

- Miriam Ziegelheim retained Stephen Apollo and his professional corporation to represent her in divorce proceedings against her husband.
- Ziegelheim informed Apollo of marital and separate assets and expressed suspicion that her husband was concealing or dissipating assets; she asked for a thorough investigation into multiple asset categories.
- She advised Apollo of an IRS tax deficiency on joint returns and asked that any property settlement protect her from liability for that deficiency.
- Ziegelheim alleged Apollo inadequately investigated the husband’s assets, gave negligent advice about probable trial outcomes, failed to protect her regarding tax exposure, and made errors and delays in documenting the settlement.
- Ziegelheim accepted a negotiated property settlement that was incorporated into the divorce judgment after the family court found it “fair and equitable.”
- After the divorce, Ziegelheim alleged she learned of concealed assets; after an unsuccessful effort to reopen the divorce judgment, she filed a legal malpractice action against Apollo.

## Issues

1. Whether a client who agreed to and benefited from a divorce settlement may sue her lawyer for malpractice based on allegedly negligent investigation and settlement advice.
2. Whether the divorce court’s approval of the settlement as “fair and equitable” precludes a later malpractice claim challenging the adequacy of counsel’s preparation and advice.
3. Whether malpractice liability arising from settlement-related conduct requires proof of fraud rather than negligence.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of New Jersey held that a client’s agreement to a settlement does not, by itself, bar a legal malpractice claim alleging negligent investigation or negligent settlement advice.
- The Court held that the divorce court’s “fair and equitable” approval does not collaterally estop a client from litigating whether counsel met the professional standard of care in negotiating or recommending the settlement.
- The Court rejected a rule limiting post-settlement malpractice claims to fraud; negligence in investigation, advice, or drafting can support liability.
- The Court concluded that, viewing plaintiff’s allegations in the light required on summary judgment, genuine disputes of material fact existed as to breach and causation.
- The Court reversed the summary judgment dismissal to the extent it foreclosed claims premised on negligent investigation and negligent settlement advice, and remanded for further proceedings.

## Legal Principles

- Attorneys owe clients the duty to exercise the knowledge, skill, and diligence ordinarily possessed and used by lawyers in similar circumstances, including during settlement negotiations and settlement counseling.
- A client’s informed execution of a settlement agreement is relevant evidence but is not an absolute defense to malpractice based on deficient investigation or advice that materially influenced the settlement decision.
- Judicial approval of a domestic-relations settlement as “fair and equitable” addresses fairness between spouses and does not adjudicate whether counsel satisfied professional obligations to the client.
- Malpractice in the settlement context may be established by ordinary negligence; fraud is not a required element.
- Summary judgment is improper where the record, crediting the client’s allegations as required, permits a reasonable finding that inadequate preparation or advice caused acceptance of an unfavorable settlement.

## Conclusion

The court permitted a divorce client to pursue malpractice claims based on allegedly negligent investigation and settlement advice, holding that neither settlement acceptance nor the divorce court’s fairness approval automatically bars litigation over counsel’s professional negligence and its causal effect on the settlement outcome.


Ziegelheim v. Apollo, 128 N.J. 250, 607 A.2d 1298 (N.J. 1992)