## Facts

- ZL (mother) and VL (minor son) were Czech nationals of Roma ethnicity who entered the United Kingdom on November 8, 2002 with extended family and immediately sought asylum and related human-rights protection.
- They alleged ethnically motivated persecution and serious harm in the Czech Republic, including discrimination in public services, assaults by skinheads, and allegations of sexual abuse of VL by a police officer.
- Their claims were processed under the Oakington fast-track procedure shortly after arrival.
- The Secretary of State refused the asylum and human-rights claims and certified them as “clearly unfounded” under s.115(6) of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002.
- Certification required any appeal to be pursued from outside the United Kingdom and did not suspend removal.
- ZL and VL sought judicial review challenging the refusals, the certifications, and the fairness/legality of the new certification regime and fast-track procedures.
- The High Court refused permission to proceed with judicial review; ZL and VL renewed their application in the Court of Appeal, and the Lord Chancellor’s Department was joined due to the systemic challenge to the statutory scheme.

## Issues

1. Whether the “clearly unfounded” certification and out-of-country appeal regime under s.115 of the 2002 Act was lawful and fair in operation.
2. What threshold governs “clearly unfounded,” and whether certification is permissible only when a claim is bound to fail on any legitimate view.
3. Whether Oakington fast-track procedures provided ZL and VL a fair opportunity to present their protection and human-rights claims.
4. Whether, on the applicants’ allegations and Roma country-condition evidence, the Secretary of State lawfully certified the claims as clearly unfounded.
5. Whether requiring ZL and VL to appeal from abroad (while another family member could remain pending an in-country appeal under the prior regime) breached Article 8 ECHR family-life rights.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal refused the renewed applications for permission to seek judicial review.
- The court upheld the lawfulness of s.115’s certification framework, including the out-of-country appeal consequence for clearly unfounded claims.
- The court held that Oakington fast-track processing was not inherently unlawful and was fair on the facts of these cases.
- The court concluded the Secretary of State lawfully certified ZL and VL’s claims as clearly unfounded because they were bound to fail under the statutory standard.
- The court rejected the Article 8 claim, finding no demonstrated disproportionate interference with family life arising from the out-of-country appeal requirement.

## Legal Principles

- A protection or human-rights claim may be certified as “clearly unfounded” only when it is so lacking in substance that it is bound to fail; certification is improper if the claim could succeed on any legitimate view.
- The legality of fast-track asylum decision-making depends on whether, in the individual case, the applicant had a fair opportunity to present the claim; the common-law fairness inquiry is case-specific rather than a requirement for a comprehensive procedural code.
- The mere novelty of a statutory scheme and transitional difficulty in professional familiarity does not invalidate decisions made under duly commenced legislation absent demonstrated unfairness in the individual process.
- An out-of-country appeal requirement for clearly unfounded claims is not, without more, incompatible with Article 8; differential impact on family members due to a change in legal regime does not itself establish disproportionality.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeal upheld the early operation of the 2002 Act’s “clearly unfounded” certification regime, confirming that certification is reserved for claims bound to fail and that accelerated processing can be lawful when, in the particular case, the applicant had a fair opportunity to present the claim and no disproportionate Article 8 interference is shown.


ZL & VL v. Sec’y of State for the Home Dep’t, [2003] EWCA Civ 25, [2003] 1 All E.R. 1062 (Eng. & Wales C.A. 2003)