## Facts

- Alaska discovered large oil reserves on state-owned land in 1967, generating substantial mineral revenues.
- Alaska created a state Permanent Fund requiring at least 25% of annual mineral income to be deposited; the principal could not be spent, but earnings could be used for public purposes.
- In 1980, Alaska enacted a program distributing a portion of the Fund’s earnings as cash dividends to adult state residents.
- The statute awarded each adult one “dividend unit” for each year of Alaska residency after 1959 (statehood), and set each unit’s dollar value annually based on distributable earnings divided by total units held statewide.
- The program paid larger dividends to longer-term residents and smaller dividends to newer residents, creating permanent benefit differences among bona fide residents.
- Ronald and Patricia Zobel became Alaska residents in 1978 and challenged the scheme as violating equal protection and their right to move to and reside in Alaska on equal terms with other citizens.

## Issues

1. Whether a state may distribute public-resource-derived payments to adult residents in different amounts based solely on length of state residence consistent with the Equal Protection Clause.

## Decision

- The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Alaska Supreme Court and held the dividend scheme unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.
- The Court applied rational-basis review and concluded Alaska identified no legitimate interests rationally served by allocating dividends according to past residency.
- The Court rejected Alaska’s asserted interests: incentivizing residents to establish or maintain residence, ensuring prudent management of the Permanent Fund, and rewarding past contributions.
- The case was remanded for further proceedings consistent with the Court’s holding.

## Legal Principles

- When a state distributes benefits unequally among bona fide residents, the classification is subject to equal protection review and must rationally further a legitimate state purpose.
- A benefit formula that creates permanent subclasses of current residents based solely on when they established residency is not rationally related to legitimate state objectives.
- “Rewarding” longer residency or alleged past contributions is not a legitimate basis for ongoing unequal allocation of general state benefits because it permits graded state citizenship and enduring classes among residents.

## Conclusion

The Court invalidated Alaska’s residency-duration dividend formula because it permanently favored earlier-arriving residents over newer bona fide residents without a rational connection to a legitimate state interest, violating equal protection.


Zobel v. Williams, 457 U.S. 55 (1982)