## Facts

- Marc Cohen and his art business held four paintings worth nearly $5,000,000 after receiving them on consignment from Klaus Braemer, Imelda Marcos’s New York agent.
- Braemer demanded return of the paintings, asserting authority to sell them and a security interest based on roughly $800,000 in loans made to or guaranteed for Marcos.
- The Republic of the Philippines asserted the paintings were bought with Philippine government funds or misappropriated public funds and therefore belonged to the Republic.
- Cohen filed an interpleader action to resolve competing claims to the paintings and avoid multiple liability.
- Imelda R. Marcos moved to intervene under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a)(2), asserting personal ownership, denying any valid continuing security interest in Braemer, and opposing the Republic’s claim.
- The intervention motion was filed about five months after the interpleader complaint; the parties had anticipated she might assert an ownership claim, and timing was affected by related negotiations.

## Issues

1. Whether Imelda R. Marcos was entitled to intervene as of right under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a)(2) in an interpleader action concerning ownership of the paintings.
2. Whether her application was timely and whether existing parties would adequately represent her asserted ownership interest.

## Decision

- The court granted Marcos’s motion to intervene as of right under Rule 24(a)(2).
- The court found the motion timely given the context, lack of meaningful prejudice to existing parties, and the parties’ early awareness of her potential claim.
- The court held Marcos claimed a direct, substantial property interest because she asserted ownership of the paintings that were the subject of the interpleader.
- The court concluded disposition without her could practically impair her ability to protect her claimed interest because the paintings could be awarded to others.
- The court held her interests were not adequately represented because both existing claimants advanced positions adverse to her ownership claim.
- The court imposed conditions aimed at ensuring discovery access, including requirements addressing her availability for deposition.

## Legal Principles

- Rule 24(a)(2) requires intervention of right when a timely applicant claims an interest relating to the property at issue, disposition may practically impair that interest, and existing parties do not adequately represent the applicant’s interest.
- Timeliness under Rule 24(a)(2) is a discretionary, context-specific inquiry that considers knowledge of the interest, prejudice from delay, prejudice from denial, and any unusual circumstances.
- In interpleader disputes over specific property, an asserted ownership claim typically constitutes a sufficient interest, and exclusion may impair the claimant’s ability to protect that interest when the property could be distributed to others.
- Adequate representation is lacking when the applicant’s claim is directly adverse to all existing parties and no party will litigate the applicant’s position.

## Conclusion

The court permitted Imelda Marcos to intervene as of right in an interpleader over valuable paintings because her claimed ownership created a direct property interest that could be impaired by judgment in her absence, her position conflicted with all existing claimants, and her application was timely under the circumstances, subject to discovery-related conditions.


Cohen v. Republic of the Phil., 146 F.R.D. 90 (S.D.N.Y. 1993)