## Facts

- Cecil Combs was injured while boarding a Los Angeles Railway Corporation streetcar at a loading zone.
- Combs boarded last, saw some people riding on the rear step, and stepped onto the second step at the rear entrance.
- After the car started, Combs paid his fare, received a transfer, and attempted to move onto the rear platform.
- The platform was so crowded that Combs could not move inside and remained on the step as the streetcar proceeded.
- Before the next stop, the streetcar collided with an automobile driven by Joseph Commodore; the impact tore the steps from the streetcar and injured Combs.
- A Los Angeles municipal ordinance prohibited riding on the steps (among other exterior parts) of a streetcar.
- Combs sued the railway and Commodore for negligence; the jury found for Combs against the railway and found in favor of Commodore.

## Issues

1. Whether Combs was contributorily negligent as a matter of law because he rode on the streetcar step in violation of a municipal ordinance.
2. Whether the trial court erred by instructing the jury that an ordinance violation could be excused or justified and therefore not conclusively establish contributory negligence.

## Decision

- The California Supreme Court affirmed the judgment for Combs against the railway.
- The court held that contributory negligence was not established as a matter of law and was properly left to the jury.
- The court upheld the challenged instructions allowing the jury to consider whether any ordinance violation was excusable or justifiable under the circumstances.
- The trial court properly denied the railway’s motions for nonsuit, directed verdict, and judgment notwithstanding the verdict.

## Legal Principles

- Violation of a safety statute or ordinance gives rise to a presumption of negligence, but the presumption is rebuttable.
- A statutory or ordinance violation does not automatically bar recovery; the trier of fact may find the violation excused or justified based on surrounding circumstances.
- Whether a plaintiff violated an ordinance and whether that violation constitutes contributory negligence ordinarily presents a factual question for the jury when reasonable inferences could support excuse or justification.
- Appellate courts will not overturn a jury’s finding on contributory negligence where substantial evidence supports the conclusion that the plaintiff acted reasonably in the situation.

## Conclusion

Because the evidence permitted a finding that Combs’s continued presence on the step was compelled by crowding and his attempt to move inside, the jury could treat any ordinance violation as excused and could reject contributory negligence; the judgment for Combs was affirmed.


Combs v. Los Angeles Ry. Corp., 29 Cal. 2d 606, 177 P.2d 293 (Cal. 1947)