## Facts

- Darcel Howard lived with her five-year-old daughter and Howard’s boyfriend, Edward Watts.
- Over a period of several weeks, Watts repeatedly beat the child and subjected her to severe abuse, including striking her with a belt or strap.
- Howard knew of the ongoing abuse and, despite her parental role, did not stop Watts, remove the child from the home, or report the abuse to authorities.
- On the night of March 5, 1977, during another beating, the child fell and struck her head on a piece of furniture.
- The next morning, the child could not be awakened; police were called and the child was taken to a hospital, where she was pronounced dead on arrival.
- Medical evidence attributed death to multiple injuries to the head and trunk.
- Howard was charged with involuntary manslaughter under 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 2504 based on her failure to protect her daughter from Watts’s abuse.
- After a bench (waiver) trial in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Howard was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.
- Howard appealed, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to support conviction because she did not inflict the fatal injuries and her inaction was not a direct cause of death.

## Issues

1. Whether, under Pennsylvania law, an omission can satisfy the “act” requirement for involuntary manslaughter when the defendant had a legal duty to act.
2. Whether the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Howard’s failure to protect her child from Watts’s repeated beatings was reckless or grossly negligent and a direct cause of the child’s death under 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 2504.

## Decision

- The Superior Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the judgment of sentence.
- The court held that criminal liability may rest on an omission when a duty to act is imposed by law, and a parent has a legal duty to protect a child that requires affirmative conduct.
- The court concluded that the evidence permitted a finding that Howard’s sustained failure to protect her daughter, despite knowledge of ongoing severe abuse, amounted to reckless or grossly negligent conduct.
- The court further concluded that Howard’s omission was sufficiently connected to the fatal outcome to satisfy § 2504’s requirement that death result directly from the defendant’s culpable conduct.

## Legal Principles

- Under 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 301(b)(2), liability may be based on an omission even when the offense is framed in terms of an “act,” if a duty to perform the omitted act is imposed by law.
- A parent has a legal duty to protect a child, and meeting that duty may require affirmative steps when the parent knows the child faces serious harm.
- Involuntary manslaughter under 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 2504 is established when a death results directly from the defendant’s reckless or grossly negligent conduct; the conduct may be an omission where a legal duty exists.
- A defendant’s prolonged failure to act in the face of a known and substantial risk can support a finding of recklessness or gross negligence.
- On appellate review of sufficiency, the question is whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, permits the factfinder to find each element beyond a reasonable doubt.

## Conclusion

Commonwealth v. Howard affirms that a parent’s failure to protect a child from known, repeated abuse can support involuntary manslaughter when the parent had a legal duty to act, the inaction was reckless or grossly negligent, and the continuing failure to intervene was found to be a direct cause of the child’s death under 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 2504.


Commonwealth v. Howard, 402 A.2d 674 (1979)