## Facts

- Florida avocado growers, packers, and shippers marketed Florida avocados in interstate commerce and sought access to the California market.
- California Agricultural Code § 792 barred transportation or sale in California of avocados containing less than 8% oil by weight (excluding skin and seed).
- Federal marketing orders issued under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 set maturity standards for Florida avocados that did not rely on oil content.
- Florida avocados could satisfy the federal maturity standard but fail California’s 8% oil requirement because common Florida varieties tended to have lower oil content.
- The growers sued to enjoin California officials from enforcing § 792 against Florida avocados certified as mature under federal regulations.
- A three-judge federal district court denied injunctive relief, finding no constitutional violation on the record presented.

## Issues

1. Whether California’s 8% oil-content requirement was preempted by federal maturity standards adopted under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937.
2. Whether applying § 792 to Florida avocados denied equal protection.
3. Whether § 792 discriminated against or unduly burdened interstate commerce.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment denying an injunction (5–4).
- The Court held § 792 was not preempted because there was no direct conflict making compliance with both federal and state requirements impossible and no congressional intent to occupy the field.
- The Court rejected the equal protection challenge because the record did not show arbitrary discrimination; the standard applied to all avocados sold in California and used an objective measure (oil content).
- The Court rejected the Commerce Clause challenge because the record did not establish that the law unreasonably burdened or discriminated against interstate commerce given California’s legitimate regulatory interests.

## Legal Principles

- Federal law preempts state law when compliance with both is impossible or when Congress clearly intends to displace state regulation in the area.
- Divergent state and federal standards do not, by themselves, create preemption; an “inevitable collision” must be shown.
- In areas traditionally regulated by states, such as retail marketing quality controls for food, courts require clear evidence of congressional displacement before finding field preemption.
- A nondiscriminatory state quality standard applied evenhandedly to in-state and out-of-state goods is not invalid under equal protection or the Commerce Clause absent proof of arbitrary discrimination or unreasonable burdens on interstate trade.

## Conclusion

California could enforce an 8% oil-content avocado standard against federally certified Florida avocados because the federal program neither compelled marketing fruit that California barred nor showed congressional intent to exclude state retail quality regulation, and the record did not prove unconstitutional discrimination or an undue burden on interstate commerce.


Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132 (1963)