## Facts

- On March 29, 1982, Steven Green drove a 1980 Ford Pinto about 45–50 mph on Highway 224 near Estacada, Oregon.
- Green’s wife, Kelly Sue Green, rode in the front passenger seat; their son was in the back seat; their young daughter sat on her mother’s lap.
- A horse suddenly appeared in front of the car; Green had no time to avoid the collision.
- The Pinto’s front bumper struck the horse’s lower front legs, throwing the horse onto the hood, breaking the windshield, and collapsing the roof rail (“header”) above the windshield on the passenger side.
- The header collapsed into the passenger compartment and killed Kelly Sue Green instantly.
- The horse slid over the roof and fell behind the car; Green and his son were uninjured; the daughter suffered minor cuts and bruises.
- Green, as personal representative of his wife’s estate, sued Clemens L. Denney (the horse’s owner) and Ford Motor Company for wrongful death; he settled with Denney before trial and proceeded against Ford on a strict products-liability design-defect theory.
- Evidence indicated Ford’s roof design was unusual: it eliminated a support beam and numerous welds, used thinner metal, and accommodated a “lighting” hole in the middle panel; Ford also had difficulty testing the design.
- Green presented evidence that collisions with large animals, including horses, are common and foreseeable on highways.
- Green’s expert testified Ford could have reinforced the roof/header so it would not collapse onto a passenger’s head and that the force from a horse falling on the roof was less than the force required for the Pinto to pass a federal roof-strength test.
- Ford moved for a directed verdict, arguing the accident and injury were too freakish to be foreseeable and that no reasonable manufacturer would design for a concentrated load on the header; the trial court denied the motion, and the jury found for Green.

## Issues

1. Whether the trial court erred in denying Ford’s motion for a directed verdict on Green’s design-defect claim—specifically, whether there was evidence from which a jury could find that the risk of roof/header collapse in a large-animal collision was reasonably foreseeable and that a reasonable manufacturer would have designed the Pinto differently.

## Decision

- The Oregon Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment for Green.
- The court held that the trial court correctly denied Ford’s directed-verdict motion because the record contained evidence from which the jury could find the necessary elements of a design-defect claim, including foreseeability and defect under a risk–utility balancing.

## Legal Principles

- On review of a denied directed verdict, the court views the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and will affirm unless there is no evidence from which a jury could find the facts required for the claim.
- Oregon design-defect claims are evaluated by balancing the utility of the design feature against the magnitude of the risk created by that feature, considering factors such as product usefulness, safety, and the feasibility of safer alternatives.
- Design-defect liability does not extend to risks so remote that a reasonable manufacturer would not consider them when making design choices.
- Foreseeability in this setting does not require prediction of the precise sequence of events or exact manner of impact; it is enough that the general type of accident-related harm is one a reasonable manufacturer should consider.
- Evidence of feasible reinforcement, comparative strength testing, and a design choice that reduced structural support may permit a jury to find that the product was unreasonably dangerous and that a different design would have reduced the injury.

## Conclusion

The court affirmed the plaintiff’s verdict because Green presented evidence that large-animal highway collisions are common enough to be anticipated and that Ford’s unusual roof/header design could be strengthened with feasible measures; given that evidence, the risk of roof collapse and passenger-compartment intrusion was not legally too remote, so the question of defect under Oregon’s risk–utility approach was properly left to the jury and Ford was not entitled to a directed verdict.


Green v. Denney, 742 P.2d 639 (1987)