## Facts

- Georgia Hall was driving her five-month-old Buick Electra (manufactured by General Motors Corporation (GM)) on a clear, dry day in the District of Columbia when the car suddenly left the roadway and struck a tree, leaving her a quadriplegic.
- Georgia Hall and her husband, Edward Hall, sued GM in a products-liability action, claiming a defect in the Buick’s drive shaft caused the vehicle to veer off the road.
- GM denied a defect and argued the accident resulted from driver error: a momentary lapse of attention followed by panic and pedal misapplication (accelerator instead of brake).
- The Halls also sued the selling dealer, Larry Buick, Inc.; before trial, the Halls settled with the dealer for $700,000 (Georgia Hall) and $50,000 (Edward Hall), and the claims against the dealer (and the dealer’s cross-claim against GM) were dismissed with prejudice.
- The case proceeded to a bifurcated jury trial (liability and damages). The jury found GM liable and awarded $5 million to Georgia Hall and $1.5 million to Edward Hall.
- The trial court ordered a remittitur reducing Edward Hall’s award to $500,000; the Halls accepted. The court then reduced the judgment by the settlement amounts paid by the dealer.
- GM sought to rebut the drive-shaft-defect theory with test evidence:
  - In one test, GM taped a drive shaft to a car (rather than bolting it), had another car push it to approximately the speed involved in the accident, and then shifted into drive; the trial judge excluded this demonstration.
  - In another series of tests, GM bolted the drive shaft yokes to the car and progressively weakened them to see whether the drive shaft would come loose; it never did. The judge admitted expert testimony describing these tests but excluded videotapes of the testing.
- GM appealed, challenging the jury instructions, several evidentiary rulings concerning its tests, and the refusal to reduce the judgment by 50% due to the dealer settlement.

## Issues

1. Whether the jury instructions improperly permitted liability based on an “unidentified defect” in the vehicle rather than requiring a finding that the drive shaft was defective.
2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by excluding GM’s taped-drive-shaft test and the videotapes of GM’s second set of tests while allowing testimony describing the second tests.
3. Whether, under District of Columbia law, the Halls’ settlement with the dealer required a 50% reduction of the judgment against GM or only a credit for the amounts actually paid in settlement.

## Decision

- The D.C. Circuit affirmed the judgment against GM.
- The court held the jury charge, considered as a whole and in light of the evidence and arguments at trial, did not authorize a verdict based on speculation about some other unknown defect; it properly allowed the jury to infer defect and causation under the approach approved in Stewart v. Ford Motor Co.
- The court found no reversible error in the evidentiary rulings: the trial judge acted within her discretion in excluding a test that was not sufficiently comparable to accident conditions and in excluding videotapes that risked misleading or overly influencing the jury, while still permitting GM to present testimony explaining the second series of tests.
- The court upheld the trial court’s settlement credit: the judgment was reduced by the settlement dollars paid by the dealer, and GM was not entitled to an additional automatic 50% reduction.

## Legal Principles

- Jury instructions are reviewed in their entirety and in the context of the trial; reversal is warranted only when the charge as a whole fails to fairly present the governing law and the issues for decision.
- In products-liability cases, a plaintiff may prove defect and causation through circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences; the jury need not identify a more precise mechanical explanation than the evidence supports, so long as the verdict is not based on guesswork.
- Trial courts have broad discretion over experimental and demonstrative evidence; an experiment may be excluded when conditions differ materially from the accident, and visual demonstrations may be limited when their probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or of misleading the jury.
- Under District of Columbia rules governing the effect of settling with one alleged joint tortfeasor, a nonsettling defendant is generally entitled to a pro tanto credit for the consideration actually paid, not an automatic pro rata reduction based solely on the number of alleged tortfeasors.

## Conclusion

The D.C. Circuit left intact the products-liability judgment against GM, ruling that the jury instructions properly allowed an inference of defect and causation consistent with circuit precedent, the trial judge permissibly restricted GM’s experimental demonstrations and test videos while permitting explanatory testimony, and the dealer settlement reduced the judgment only by the amounts paid rather than by a fixed 50% share.


Hall v. General Motors Corp., 647 F.2d 175 (1980)