## Facts

- Hess Energy, Inc. (Hess) entered contracts to buy natural gas from Lightning Oil Company, Ltd. (Lightning) at fixed prices for specified future delivery periods (a master agreement with transaction confirmations).
- Lightning refused to deliver the contracted gas, asserting that Hess had breached the parties’ agreement and that Lightning was therefore excused from performance.
- Hess sued for breach and, in prior appellate proceedings, established that Lightning—not Hess—was in material breach; the case was remanded for a trial limited to damages under Virginia’s UCC.
- On remand, the jury heard evidence of market prices during the contract delivery periods and of the contract prices set in the confirmations.
- The district court instructed the jury on the standard UCC market-differential measure of damages for nondelivery/repudiation.
- The jury calculated Hess’s damages using the difference between market and contract prices on the specified delivery dates and returned a verdict exceeding $3 million.
- Lightning appealed, arguing that Va. Code § 8.2-713 required the jury to use the market price on the earlier date when Hess first learned Lightning would not perform (the repudiation date), not the later contract delivery dates.

## Issues

1. Under Va. Code § 8.2-713 (UCC § 2-713), when a seller repudiates forward natural-gas delivery contracts, may the buyer’s damages be measured using market prices for the contract delivery periods rather than a single market price on the date the buyer first learned of the repudiation?
2. Did the district court’s damages instructions and rulings (including the admission of Hess’s market-price proof) misstate Virginia UCC law or depart from the Fourth Circuit’s earlier remand for a damages determination?

## Decision

- The Fourth Circuit affirmed the judgment for Hess.
- The court rejected Lightning’s argument that § 8.2-713 compelled the use of a single market price pegged to the repudiation date in this setting.
- The court concluded the jury instructions, considered as a whole, permitted a damages calculation consistent with § 8.2-713 for the confirmation contracts’ future delivery periods.
- The court held the damages trial remained within the scope of the prior appellate mandate to determine Hess’s damages under the confirmation contracts.
- The court found no reversible error in the district court’s evidentiary rulings admitting Hess’s market-price and damages evidence.
- The jury’s verdict (over $3 million) was left intact.

## Legal Principles

- Under Va. Code § 8.2-713(1), a buyer’s damages for nondelivery or repudiation are generally the difference between the market price at the time the buyer learned of the breach and the contract price, plus incidental and consequential damages, less expenses saved due to the breach.
- In an anticipatory repudiation context, the UCC allows the aggrieved party to await performance for a commercially reasonable time before resorting to remedies; this affects how “the time when the buyer learned of the breach” functions for executory contracts calling for future performance.
- For contracts providing for deliveries on specified future dates, using market prices tied to those delivery periods may be consistent with § 8.2-713 when it better reflects the loss from the seller’s failure to supply as promised.
- Jury instructions are reviewed in their full context; reversal is warranted only if the instructions, taken as a whole, mislead the jury or fail to state the controlling law.
- On remand, the mandate rule limits the district court to the scope of the appellate court’s directions; conducting a damages trial and applying UCC damages measures can be consistent with a mandate directing a damages determination.
- Trial courts have broad discretion over the admission of damages and market-price evidence; an appellate court will not disturb those rulings absent an abuse of discretion causing prejudice.

## Conclusion

In *Hess Energy, Inc. v. Lightning Oil Co., Ltd.*, the Fourth Circuit affirmed a multimillion-dollar UCC damages award after a seller’s refusal to perform forward natural-gas delivery contracts, holding that the district court permissibly allowed the jury to measure market-price damages using market prices corresponding to the contracts’ scheduled delivery periods rather than a single price on the date the buyer first learned of the repudiation, and that the trial complied with the prior remand and involved no reversible instructional or evidentiary error.


Hess Energy, Inc. v. Lightning Oil Co., Ltd., 338 F.3d 357 (2003)