## Facts

- Dwane Ingalls worked as a vice president for an AES Corporation subsidiary.
- In 2001, AES asked certain officers to accept reduced salaries and forgo bonuses in exchange for AES stock options that would vest after 10 years.
- Ingalls alleged that he accepted the offer and obtained the stock options.
- About two years later, the subsidiary’s chief executive officer, Ann Murtlow, terminated Ingalls’s employment.
- In July 2004, Ingalls sued AES, the subsidiary, its holding company, and Murtlow in Indiana state court, asserting breach-of-contract claims and seeking amounts he characterized as wages, including the value tied to the 2001 stock options.
- In November 2004, Ingalls asked AES to issue the stock options; AES responded that rights under the plan expired six months after an employee left AES.
- In November 2006, the state court granted partial summary judgment against Ingalls on his wage theory.
- Roughly two months later, Ingalls filed a new federal action against AES based on the same 2001 stock-option dispute, advancing additional or different state-law theories.
- The federal district court concluded the state and federal proceedings were parallel and stayed the federal case under the Colorado River doctrine; Ingalls appealed.

## Issues

1. Whether the federal suit and the earlier-filed state suit were “parallel” proceedings for Colorado River purposes when they arose from the same stock-option events but asserted different legal theories.
2. Whether the district court properly stayed the federal action in favor of the ongoing state case to avoid duplicative litigation and inconsistent results.

## Decision

- The Seventh Circuit affirmed the district court’s order staying the federal action.
- The court agreed that the state and federal cases were parallel because they involved the same basic dispute regarding Ingalls’s claimed rights to the 2001 AES stock options after his termination.
- The court accepted the district court’s conclusion that the federal complaint presented new theories of relief based on essentially the same events already at issue in the state case.
- The stay remained in place as the means of deferring to the state proceeding while keeping the federal case available if the state litigation did not resolve the controversy.

## Legal Principles

- Under Colorado River, a federal court may, in limited and exceptional circumstances, stay a federal case when there is a parallel state-court case, to avoid duplicative proceedings and piecemeal litigation.
- Proceedings are parallel when substantially the same parties are litigating substantially the same dispute, so that resolving one case will likely resolve the other in all material respects; different labels or added theories do not necessarily defeat parallelism.
- In deciding whether to stay under Colorado River, courts consider factors such as the order in which the forums assumed jurisdiction, the progress of the cases, the risk of inconsistent results, and whether the state forum can fully adjudicate the parties’ rights.
- When abstention is warranted, a stay (rather than dismissal) is commonly used to preserve federal jurisdiction while the state case proceeds.

## Conclusion

Ingalls held that the district court acted within its discretion in staying Ingalls’s later-filed federal stock-option suit under Colorado River because an earlier and more advanced Indiana state action involved the same core dispute and the federal filing amounted to a second attempt to litigate the same events under additional state-law theories.


Ingalls v. The AES Corporation, 2008 U.S. App. LEXIS 7717 (2008)