## Facts

- Carl and Jeanne Leichtamer were rear-seat passengers in a Jeep CJ-7 owned and driven by Paul and Cynthia Vance during off-road recreational driving at a facility with hills and trails.
- The Jeep attempted a steep, terraced hill and “pitched over,” flipping and landing upside down; the Vances were killed and the Leichtamers were severely injured.
- The Jeep had a factory-installed roll bar that did not fracture, but its mounting relied on bolts through relatively thin sheet metal near the rear wheel wells.
- In the rollover, the sheet metal failed and the roll bar shifted forward and downward into the occupant compartment, providing less protection than occupants would expect from a roll bar.
- Plaintiffs did not claim the roll-bar defect caused the rollover; they claimed the defective roll-bar design and mounting increased the severity of injuries in the “second collision” (occupants’ impact with the vehicle interior/safety structure).
- Plaintiffs presented evidence that the Jeep was marketed for off-road use, making rollover-type events reasonably foreseeable and shaping consumer expectations about the roll bar’s protective function.

## Issues

1. Whether strict liability in tort permits recovery for injuries caused or enhanced by a design defect when the defect did not cause the initial accident (enhanced-injury/“second collision” claim).
2. What standard governs whether a product is in a “defective condition unreasonably dangerous,” including whether a consumer-expectation test applies under intended or reasonably foreseeable use.
3. Whether punitive damages may be awarded based on evidence that the manufacturer’s testing and examination procedures were so inadequate as to show flagrant indifference to the probability of unreasonable risk.

## Decision

- The Ohio Supreme Court affirmed the judgment for plaintiffs.
- The court held that strict liability applies to injuries caused or enhanced by a design defect, even if the defect did not cause the initial accident.
- The court approved defining defectiveness by whether the product is more dangerous than an ordinary consumer would expect when used in an intended or reasonably foreseeable manner.
- The court held punitive damages may be submitted to the jury where product testing and examination are so inadequate as to show flagrant indifference to likely risks, and found the evidentiary record sufficient to support that submission.

## Legal Principles

- A cause of action in strict products liability exists for injuries caused or enhanced by a product design defect, including “second collision” injury aggravation.
- A product is “defective condition unreasonably dangerous” if it is more dangerous than an ordinary consumer would expect when used in an intended or reasonably foreseeable manner.
- Foreseeable use may be informed by the manufacturer’s marketing and representations about the product’s intended capabilities and safety features.
- Punitive damages may be awarded where a manufacturer’s testing and examination procedures are so inadequate as to show flagrant indifference to the probability that the product might expose consumers to unreasonable risks of harm.
- In enhanced-injury cases, the factfinder may allocate causation between the initial crash forces and additional harm attributable to the defective design.

## Conclusion

The court affirmed liability and damages against the manufacturer, recognizing strict liability for enhanced injuries, applying an ordinary-consumer-expectation test for defectiveness under reasonably foreseeable use, and allowing punitive damages where deficient testing supports a finding of flagrant indifference to consumer safety.


Leichtamer v. Am. Motors Corp., 67 Ohio St. 2d 456, 424 N.E.2d 568 (1981)