## Facts

- Stephen Dominick McFadden sold “bath salts” alleged to be controlled-substance analogues, including methylone, MDPV, and 4-MEC.
- Federal prosecutors charged him with conspiracy and multiple counts of distributing controlled-substance analogues intended for human consumption under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986.
- At trial, McFadden argued he lacked knowledge that the substances were controlled-substance analogues and requested a jury instruction requiring proof he knew their chemical structure and effects were substantially similar to scheduled drugs.
- The district court denied the requested instruction and charged the jury that it was sufficient that McFadden knowingly distributed a substance with effects substantially similar to a controlled substance and intended it to be consumed by humans.
- The jury convicted McFadden on all counts; the Fourth Circuit affirmed, reasoning that the Analogue Act required only proof of intent that the substance be consumed by humans.

## Issues

1. In a prosecution involving a controlled-substance analogue under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), must the government prove the defendant knew the substance was regulated as a controlled substance (including as an analogue), or is it enough to prove only knowing distribution and intent for human consumption?

## Decision

- The Supreme Court vacated the Fourth Circuit’s judgment and remanded.
- Section 841(a)(1)’s “knowingly” requirement applies in analogue prosecutions and requires proof that the defendant knew he was dealing with a substance regulated under the Controlled Substances Act or the Analogue Act.
- The Court rejected the lower court’s approach that permitted conviction based solely on intent for human consumption without proof of the required knowledge.

## Legal Principles

- For § 841(a)(1), the government must prove the defendant knew he was distributing “a controlled substance”; the defendant need not know the exact scheduled substance.
- The knowledge element may be satisfied by proof that:
  - the defendant knew the substance was controlled under federal law (including controlled by operation of the Analogue Act), or
  - the defendant knew the substance’s identity, even if unaware of its scheduled legal status.
- In analogue cases, the government can also prove knowledge by showing the defendant knew the facts that make the substance an analogue (i.e., the substance’s identity and the features that bring it within the analogue definition), because that establishes knowledge of the conduct’s illegality under the Analogue Act.
- Jury instructions are erroneous if they allow conviction for analogue distribution based only on intent that the substance be consumed by humans, without requiring the § 841(a)(1) knowledge showing.

## Conclusion

The Court held that analogue prosecutions under § 841(a)(1) require proof the defendant knew the substance was controlled (including as an analogue) or knew the substance’s identity and the facts making it an analogue, and it vacated and remanded because the instructions applied an insufficient mens rea standard.


McFadden v. United States, 576 U.S. 186 (2015)