## Facts

- Thomas F. McLaughlin worked for BNSF Railway Company and was injured while operating a train handbrake.
- As McLaughlin attempted to release the handbrake, it broke or malfunctioned, and he alleged the failure caused him to suffer a hernia and back injuries.
- McLaughlin was born with a congenital hernia that was repaired when he was a child, and he reported no hernia problems until the handbrake incident.
- After the incident, McLaughlin was diagnosed with degenerative-disc disease, but he reported no back pain before the incident.
- McLaughlin sued BNSF for negligence under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) and asserted strict-liability claims under the Locomotive Inspection Act (LIA) and the Safety Appliance Act (SAA).
- At trial, the court instructed the jury on the “thin skull” rule (based on McLaughlin’s hernia history) and also instructed on aggravation of a preexisting condition (based on the degenerative-disc diagnosis).
- The jury found for McLaughlin, found BNSF at fault, and awarded $1,830,000 in damages.
- BNSF appealed, challenging the damages instructions, the treatment of Railroad Retirement Act (RRA) disability benefits, and certain evidentiary rulings, including admission of a transcript of a post-incident interview conducted by BNSF’s claims agent.

## Issues

1. Whether it was error to give both a thin-skull instruction and an aggravation-of-preexisting-condition (apportionment) instruction, and whether any error required reversal.
2. Whether RRA disability benefits must reduce (offset) a FELA award for lost wages, or instead are a collateral source.
3. Whether admitting the claims-agent interview transcript (and denying a new trial based on that admission) was reversible error.

## Decision

- The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment and the $1,830,000 damages award.
- The court held that giving both thin-skull and aggravation instructions may be proper in the same case, depending on the evidence.
- The thin-skull instruction was supported by evidence that McLaughlin’s conditions were not causing symptoms before the incident and that the incident triggered the complained-of harm.
- The aggravation/apportionment instruction was not supported by the evidence and should not have been given because the record did not provide a basis for separating damages attributable to a preexisting symptomatic condition from damages caused by the incident.
- The error in giving the aggravation instruction was harmless because it could only have helped BNSF by inviting the jury to reduce damages.
- The court held that RRA disability benefits are a collateral source in this FELA context and do not reduce a lost-wage recovery.
- The court rejected BNSF’s remaining claims of trial error, including its challenge to admission of the claims-agent interview transcript, concluding no reversible prejudice was shown.

## Legal Principles

- Under the thin-skull rule, a defendant takes the plaintiff as found and is responsible for the full extent of harm caused, even when the plaintiff had a preexisting susceptibility that made the injury worse.
- An aggravation-of-preexisting-condition instruction that allows apportionment of damages is appropriate only when the evidence provides a non-speculative basis to separate damages caused by the incident from damages attributable to an independently existing condition.
- Thin-skull and aggravation instructions are not mutually exclusive as a matter of law; whether both are warranted turns on the proof presented at trial.
- A defendant is not entitled to reversal for an instructional error that likely benefited the defendant; an appellant must show prejudicial error.
- In a FELA action, RRA disability benefits are treated as payments from a collateral source and generally may not be used to reduce the plaintiff’s damages for lost wages.
- Appellate review of evidentiary rulings is deferential; reversal requires an abuse of discretion and resulting prejudice.

## Conclusion

In *McLaughlin v. BNSF Railway Co.*, the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed a jury verdict for an injured railroad employee arising from a failed handbrake, holding that a thin-skull instruction was supported by evidence of previously asymptomatic conditions, that an unsupported aggravation/apportionment instruction was harmless because it favored the railroad, that RRA disability benefits do not offset a FELA lost-wage award, and that the challenged evidentiary rulings did not warrant a new trial.


McLaughlin v. BNSF Railway Co., 300 P.3d 925 (2012)