## Facts

- Natale and Carmela Castiglia acquired and operated farm property and a family venture in California.
- Christie Lo Greco, Carmela’s son and Natale’s stepson, lived with them and planned to leave at age 18 to pursue an independent life.
- Natale and Carmela made an oral family agreement: if Christie stayed and worked in the family venture, they would hold their property in joint tenancy so it would pass to the survivor, who would then leave the property to Christie by will, with only small devises to other family members.
- Christie accepted, remained, and worked for years in reliance on the promise, forgoing education and opportunities to accumulate property of his own, and receiving only room, board, and spending money.
- In 1941, Natale and Carmela executed wills generally consistent with the plan to leave the property to Christie.
- After the venture increased significantly in value, Natale secretly terminated the joint tenancies and executed a new will leaving his property to his grandson, Carmen Monarco.
- Probate distributed the property to Monarco under the later will, and the decree became final.
- Monarco then sued for partition and an accounting; Carmela cross-complained seeking equitable relief to enforce the oral agreement and to treat Monarco as holding the property subject to a constructive trust for Christie’s benefit.

## Issues

1. Whether a successor in interest could invoke the Statute of Frauds to defeat enforcement of an oral contract to devise property when the promisee substantially relied and would otherwise suffer unconscionable injury and the successor would be unjustly enriched.
2. Whether a final probate decree distributing the property to the devisee precluded an action seeking to impose a constructive trust based on the decedent’s breach of the oral agreement.

## Decision

- The California Supreme Court affirmed the judgment for Christie and Carmela.
- The court held Monarco was estopped from relying on the Statute of Frauds because Christie’s long-term reliance and performance would make nonenforcement unconscionably injurious and would unjustly enrich those taking under Natale’s repudiation.
- The court held the probate decree did not bar equitable relief imposing a constructive trust on property held by Monarco.

## Legal Principles

- The Statute of Frauds will not defeat an oral contract when the promisee has relied and changed position so substantially that nonenforcement would cause unconscionable injury, and repudiation would unjustly enrich the promisor or those claiming under the promisor.
- In evaluating unconscionable injury, courts consider whether reliance involved substantial, long-term performance and significant forfeiture of opportunities, not merely loss of an expected inheritance.
- A constructive trust may be imposed on property held by a devisee or distributee when the property was acquired through the decedent’s breach of an enforceable obligation, even after legal title has passed through probate.

## Conclusion

The court enforced an oral family agreement to devise property through equitable estoppel and a constructive trust, preventing a successor from using the Statute of Frauds and a probate distribution decree to retain property obtained through repudiation of a promise that induced decades of uncompensated performance and foregone opportunities.


Monarco v. Lo Greco, 35 Cal. 2d 621, 220 P.2d 737 (Cal. 1950)