## Facts

- On a rainy day on the Atlanta–Marietta public highway in Cobb County, Georgia, W. M. Moreland rode as a passenger in his own automobile.
- Moreland’s chauffeur, Bray, drove the vehicle and was alleged to have operated it unlawfully by traveling about 50 miles per hour, approaching a sharp curve at that speed, and driving on the wrong side of the road.
- The automobile collided with an oncoming car; a woman in the other car died from the collision.
- Bray said immediately after the collision that he lost control while wiping rain from the windshield; it was undisputed that it was raining hard.
- There was no evidence that Moreland drove the automobile at any time and no direct evidence that he directed Bray’s driving or aided, abetted, or concurred in the unlawful manner of operation.
- The State relied chiefly on (1) Moreland’s ownership and presence in the car during the unlawful driving and (2) post-collision conduct suggesting flight, including Moreland telling Bray they “must catch the train and get away from here,” Bray leaving and not being apprehended, and Moreland’s later attempt to travel by train before being arrested.

## Issues

1. Whether evidence of ownership and presence in a vehicle, combined with post-collision conduct suggesting flight, is sufficient to authorize a conviction of the owner-passenger for involuntary manslaughter based on the chauffeur’s unlawful driving that caused a death.
2. Whether the record supported an inference beyond a reasonable doubt that the owner-passenger directed, aided, abetted, or concurred in the driver’s unlawful operation constituting the “unlawful act” for involuntary manslaughter.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of Georgia answered the certified question in the negative.
- The verdict convicting Moreland of involuntary manslaughter in the commission of an unlawful act was not authorized by the evidence stated in the record.
- The evidence was insufficient to prove Moreland operated the car or participated in, directed, or encouraged the chauffeur’s unlawful driving.
- Post-collision conduct suggesting flight could not supply the missing proof of participation in the unlawful act causing death.

## Legal Principles

- Involuntary manslaughter may be based on a killing without intent committed in the course of an unlawful act, including an act prohibited by statute.
- Criminal liability of an owner-passenger for a driver’s unlawful operation requires evidence that the owner actually directed or controlled the operation, or aided, abetted, or concurred in the unlawful act.
- Ownership and presence in the vehicle, without more, do not establish criminal complicity in the driver’s unlawful operation; at most they permit a rebuttable inference of control that must be supported by additional proof.
- Evidence of flight may corroborate other evidence of guilt but cannot create proof of participation in the underlying unlawful act where the record otherwise lacks it.

## Conclusion

The court held that an automobile owner riding as a passenger cannot be convicted of involuntary manslaughter for a death caused by a chauffeur’s unlawful driving absent evidence that the owner directed, controlled, or otherwise participated in the unlawful operation; ownership, presence, and attempted flight were insufficient on this record.


Moreland v. State, 164 Ga. 467 (1927)