## **Learning Outcomes**

After reading this article, you will be able to identify when a lawyer must report judicial misconduct, recognize what constitutes improper assistance to judicial misconduct, and understand the disciplinary consequences for failing to act. You will also be able to apply these principles to MPRE-style questions and avoid common pitfalls regarding a lawyer’s role in upholding the integrity of the legal system.

## **MPRE Syllabus**

For the MPRE, you are required to understand a lawyer’s duties regarding the integrity of the judiciary and the legal system. This article focuses on the following syllabus points:

- Recognize the obligation to report judicial misconduct that raises a substantial question as to a judge’s fitness for office.
- Identify what constitutes assisting a judge in violating the Code of Judicial Conduct or other law.
- Distinguish between permissible and impermissible conduct when interacting with judges.
- Understand the disciplinary consequences for failing to report or for assisting judicial misconduct.
- Apply the reporting and non-assistance rules to practical scenarios.

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. A lawyer learns that a judge has accepted expensive gifts from a party appearing before the judge. The lawyer believes this may affect the judge’s impartiality. What is the lawyer’s duty?
   a) Ignore the conduct unless it affects the lawyer’s client  
   b) Report the conduct only if the lawyer is personally harmed  
   c) Report the conduct to the appropriate authority if it raises a substantial question as to the judge’s fitness  
   d) Discuss the matter privately with the judge

2. Which of the following is prohibited under the Model Rules?  
   a) A lawyer providing legal research to a judge in a pending case, with all parties’ knowledge  
   b) A lawyer knowingly helping a judge violate the Code of Judicial Conduct  
   c) A lawyer reporting a judge’s misconduct in good faith  
   d) A lawyer declining to comment on a judge’s qualifications

3. If a lawyer knows a judge has committed a minor procedural error that does not affect the judge’s honesty or fitness, the lawyer:  
   a) Must report the error to the disciplinary authority  
   b) May report the error, but is not required to  
   c) Must report only if the error is substantial  
   d) Must confront the judge directly

4. A lawyer is asked by a judge to provide confidential advice about a case without notifying the parties. What should the lawyer do?  
   a) Provide the advice as a professional courtesy  
   b) Decline, as this would assist judicial misconduct  
   c) Agree, but only if the judge is a friend  
   d) Provide the advice if the judge assures confidentiality

## **Introduction**

Lawyers play a critical role in maintaining public confidence in the legal system. This includes a duty to uphold the integrity and independence of the judiciary. The Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the Code of Judicial Conduct impose clear obligations on lawyers to avoid assisting judicial misconduct and to report serious violations by judges. Understanding these duties is essential for the MPRE and for ethical legal practice.

> **Key Term: Judicial Misconduct**  
> Conduct by a judge that violates the Code of Judicial Conduct or other law, especially when it raises a substantial question about the judge’s honesty, impartiality, or fitness for office.

### The Duty to Report Judicial Misconduct

Lawyers are required to report judicial misconduct in certain circumstances. Specifically, if a lawyer knows that a judge has committed a violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct that raises a substantial question as to the judge’s fitness for office, the lawyer must inform the appropriate authority.

> **Key Term: Substantial Question**  
> A material matter of clear and weighty importance, such that it calls into question the judge’s honesty, trustworthiness, or professional fitness.
>
> **Key Term: Appropriate Authority**  
> The agency or body in the jurisdiction responsible for investigating and disciplining judges for violations of judicial conduct rules.

### When Is Reporting Required?

The reporting obligation is triggered only when the lawyer has actual knowledge of a violation that is substantial. Mere rumors, gossip, or minor technical violations do not require reporting. The duty applies even if the lawyer is not personally involved in the matter.

- The lawyer must have actual knowledge, which may be inferred from the circumstances.
- The violation must raise a substantial question as to the judge’s fitness for office (e.g., dishonesty, bias, abuse of office, or serious impropriety).

### What Is Assisting Judicial Misconduct?

Lawyers are prohibited from knowingly assisting a judge in conduct that violates the Code of Judicial Conduct or other law. This includes any action that helps a judge engage in improper behavior, such as:

- Helping a judge circumvent rules on impartiality or ex parte communications.
- Providing confidential advice or information to a judge about a pending case without proper notice to all parties.
- Enabling or concealing a judge’s acceptance of improper gifts or benefits.

> **Key Term: Assisting Judicial Misconduct**  
> Knowingly helping a judge engage in conduct that violates the Code of Judicial Conduct or other law, including actions that undermine judicial impartiality or integrity.

### Prohibited Conduct

A lawyer may not:

- Help a judge violate the law or the Code of Judicial Conduct.
- Participate in secret communications with a judge about a pending matter (ex parte), unless authorized by law.
- Conceal or fail to report substantial judicial misconduct.

### Permissible Conduct

A lawyer may:

- Respond to a judge’s request for legal information if all parties are notified and given a chance to respond.
- Report judicial misconduct in good faith, even if the lawyer is not directly affected.
- Decline to participate in any conduct that would violate the Model Rules or the Code of Judicial Conduct.

### Consequences for Failing to Act

A lawyer who fails to report substantial judicial misconduct, or who assists a judge in violating the Code, is subject to professional discipline. This can include censure, suspension, or disbarment, depending on the severity of the violation.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

A lawyer learns that a judge has been accepting expensive gifts from attorneys who appear before the judge. The lawyer has no personal involvement in the cases but is aware that this conduct is ongoing.

**Question:** Is the lawyer required to report the judge’s conduct?

> **Answer:** Yes. Accepting expensive gifts from attorneys appearing before the judge raises a substantial question as to the judge’s impartiality and fitness for office. The lawyer must report this conduct to the appropriate authority.

### **Worked Example 1.2**

A judge asks a lawyer to provide confidential advice about a pending case, without notifying the parties. The lawyer is not involved in the case.

**Question:** May the lawyer provide the advice?

> **Answer:** No. Providing confidential advice to a judge about a pending case without notice to the parties would assist the judge in violating the Code of Judicial Conduct’s rules on ex parte communications. The lawyer must decline.

### **Exam Warning**

> Many MPRE questions test whether a lawyer’s duty to report is triggered. Remember: reporting is required only for violations that raise a substantial question as to the judge’s fitness. Do not assume every minor or technical violation must be reported.

### **Revision Tip**

> Always distinguish between actual knowledge and suspicion. Only actual knowledge of a substantial violation triggers the duty to report.

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- Lawyers must report judicial misconduct that raises a substantial question as to a judge’s fitness for office.
- Actual knowledge of a substantial violation is required; rumors or minor errors do not trigger the duty.
- Assisting a judge in violating the Code of Judicial Conduct or law is prohibited.
- Prohibited assistance includes ex parte communications, helping conceal misconduct, or enabling improper benefits.
- Failure to report or assisting judicial misconduct can result in lawyer discipline.

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- Judicial Misconduct
- Substantial Question
- Appropriate Authority
- Assisting Judicial Misconduct

Public service and system integrity - Assisting judicial misconduct