## Facts

- A Consumers Power Company employee in Jackson, Michigan was approached by Edward Kimble, who presented a note demanding money and threatening harm to her children.
- The employee surrendered about $1,365.
- The employee knew Alvin D. Carter as a “family friend” and recalled Carter had previously asked office staff about lunch hours, which the prosecution argued suggested advance planning.
- Kimble testified that he and Carter planned the offense at a bar the day before, drafted the threatening note together, and carried out the plan as agreed.
- Diane Potter, Kimble’s girlfriend, corroborated Kimble’s account and identified Carter from a photographic array; the defense challenged the identification procedure.
- The defense argued the prosecution failed to endorse and produce a res gestae witness (Larry Morris) whose testimony could have supported reasonable doubt.
- Over objection, the prosecution introduced evidence that Carter had been fired for assaulting his supervisor; the trial court gave a limiting instruction.

## Issues

1. Whether Michigan law permits convictions and punishment for both aiding and abetting extortion and conspiracy to commit extortion arising from the same criminal transaction.
2. Whether the photographic identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive in violation of due process.
3. Whether the prosecution’s failure to endorse and produce an asserted res gestae witness denied the defendant a fair trial.
4. Whether admission of evidence that the defendant was fired for assaulting a supervisor required reversal.

## Decision

- The Michigan Supreme Court affirmed convictions for aiding and abetting extortion and conspiracy to commit extortion.
- The court held dual convictions were permissible because conspiracy and aiding and abetting are separate offenses that do not merge.
- The court rejected the due process challenge to the photographic identification and found an independent basis for the in-court identification.
- The court held the absence of the asserted res gestae witness did not warrant a new trial because the proffered testimony would not have created reasonable doubt.
- The court held any error in admitting the job-dismissal evidence was cured by a limiting instruction and did not affect the verdict.

## Legal Principles

- Conspiracy requires proof of an agreement between two or more persons and specific intent that the crime be committed; the agreement is an independent wrong punishable even if the target offense is completed.
- Aiding and abetting requires proof the defendant assisted or encouraged the commission of the offense and intended the offense be committed; it does not require proof of an agreement.
- Under the same-elements analysis associated with Blockburger, conspiracy and aiding and abetting extortion are not the same offense because each requires proof of a fact the other does not; cumulative punishment is therefore permitted absent contrary legislative intent.
- Identification evidence is not excluded on due process grounds unless the procedure is impermissibly suggestive and creates a substantial likelihood of misidentification; an independent basis can support an in-court identification.
- Failure to produce an asserted res gestae witness warrants relief only if the omission could have affected the verdict, including by creating reasonable doubt.
- Potentially prejudicial other-acts evidence may be rendered nonreversible by an adequate limiting instruction when the record shows no meaningful likelihood of effect on the verdict.

## Conclusion

The court held that conspiracy to commit extortion and aiding and abetting extortion are distinct, independently punishable offenses under Michigan law, and it affirmed the convictions after finding no reversible error in the identification procedures, witness-production claim, or admission of the challenged character-type evidence.


People v. Carter, 415 Mich. 558, 330 N.W.2d 314 (Mich. 1982)