## Facts

- Morris Gory was an inmate at the Los Angeles County Honor Farm and lived in a bunkhouse with about thirty inmates.
- Each inmate was assigned an unlocked metal box identified by a number corresponding to the inmate’s bed; the boxes were kept near the head of each bed.
- During the day, inmates were away on work assignments, and one inmate remained in the bunkhouse to prevent interference with others’ property.
- Officers searched the bunkhouse at about 9:30 p.m.; an officer opened the box bearing Gory’s number at Gory’s bed while Gory was lying on it.
- The box contained Gory’s personal items and loose marijuana as well as marijuana in a package.
- No marijuana was found on Gory’s person.
- Gory denied knowledge and ownership of the marijuana and claimed he did not know it was in the box.

## Issues

1. Whether the evidence was sufficient to support a finding that Gory possessed marijuana in violation of former Health & Safety Code § 11160.
2. Whether the trial court committed prejudicial instructional error by failing to clearly instruct that “possession” requires knowledge of the substance’s presence, including by withdrawing instructions addressing knowledge and intent.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of California reversed the judgment of conviction and the order denying a new trial and remanded for a new trial.
- The evidence was sufficient to permit the jury to find possession because the marijuana was found in Gory’s assigned box containing his personal effects at his bed.
- The trial court prejudicially erred by withdrawing instructions that required the jury to find Gory knowingly possessed the marijuana and by failing elsewhere to clearly define possession as requiring knowledge of the narcotic’s presence.
- Because knowledge was the central disputed issue under the defense theory, the incomplete instructions were not cured and required reversal.

## Legal Principles

- Under Penal Code § 20, criminal liability generally requires a union of act and intent; for possession offenses, the relevant intent includes knowledge necessary to make “possession” meaningful.
- “Possession” of marijuana requires physical or constructive control with knowledge of the substance’s presence; without such knowledge, possession is not established.
- The offense does not require proof of a specific intent to violate the law, but it does require at least knowing control over the item alleged to be possessed.
- Failure to instruct the jury that knowledge of presence is an essential element of possession is reversible error when knowledge is a material, contested issue.

## Conclusion

The court held that marijuana possession requires proof the defendant knew of the substance’s presence in the area under the defendant’s control, and it reversed because the jury was not properly instructed on that requirement after key knowledge-based instructions were withdrawn.


People v. Gory, 28 Cal. 2d 450 (Cal. 1946)