## Facts

- Marjorie Knoller and her husband, Robert Noel, took custody of several large Presa Canario dogs from a client.
- A veterinarian warned Knoller the dogs were undisciplined and dangerous to keep in a residential environment, with a risk of attacking humans.
- The dogs had a history of aggression, including killing or attacking other animals, and numerous documented incidents of threatening or uncontrolled behavior.
- Neighbors repeatedly complained about the dogs’ behavior and the danger they posed in the apartment building.
- On January 26, 2001, two dogs (Bane and Hera) attacked neighbor Diane Whipple in the apartment building hallway, causing fatal injuries.

## Issues

1. Whether implied malice for second-degree murder requires a conscious disregard for danger to human life, or whether awareness of a risk of serious bodily injury is sufficient.
2. Whether the trial court applied the correct legal standard when it granted Knoller a new trial on the second-degree murder count.

## Decision

- The California Supreme Court held implied malice requires that the defendant knows the conduct endangers the life of another and acts deliberately with conscious disregard for human life.
- The Court rejected the Court of Appeal’s view that a conscious disregard of the risk of serious bodily injury can satisfy implied malice.
- The Court also found the trial court’s “high probability of death” formulation could be read as too demanding if treated as an independent requirement beyond subjective awareness of danger to human life.
- The Court reversed in part and remanded for the trial court to reconsider Knoller’s new-trial motion under the clarified implied-malice standard.

## Legal Principles

- Implied malice has a physical component (an act whose natural consequences are dangerous to life) and a mental component (subjective knowledge the act endangers human life, coupled with deliberate conscious disregard of that danger).
- Implied malice is directed to danger to human life; mere awareness of a risk of serious bodily injury is insufficient to distinguish murder from manslaughter.
- “High probability of death” language in prior cases describes life-endangering conduct and conscious disregard for life; it should not be treated as a separate, stricter probability requirement.
- Subjective awareness may be proven by circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences from warnings, prior incidents, and surrounding circumstances.
- On a motion for new trial, the trial court must apply the correct substantive definition of implied malice when assessing whether the verdict is contrary to law or evidence.

## Conclusion

The court clarified that implied-malice second-degree murder requires subjective awareness that one’s conduct endangers human life and a deliberate decision to proceed despite that danger, rejected both an overbroad “serious bodily injury” formulation and an overly rigid “high probability of death” requirement, and remanded for reconsideration of the new-trial ruling under the proper standard.


People v. Knoller, 41 Cal. 4th 139 (Cal. 2007)