## Facts

- Sixteen-year-old Michael M. was indicted for sodomizing a 22-month-old infant.
- After the indictment, the infant’s family reacted angrily to the alleged offense.
- Before trial, the court received unsolicited correspondence about the case from people connected to both sides.
- The court received five letters from the infant’s family and friends of the infant’s parents expressing anger about the alleged conduct and the prosecution.
- The court received sixteen letters submitted on Michael’s behalf from teachers, priests, and basketball coaches expressing bewilderment at the accusation and support for Michael.
- The court made all of the letters available to both the prosecution and defense counsel.
- Michael moved to have the trial judge recuse, arguing that the “deluge” of victim-side letters had prejudiced the court against him.

## Issues

1. Whether a trial judge must be disqualified after receiving unsolicited pretrial letters from the victim’s family and others expressing views about the defendant and the case, when the letters were disclosed to both parties.

## Decision

- The court denied Michael’s motion for recusal.
- The court held that receipt of unsolicited letters, without a showing of actual bias or circumstances creating a reasonable basis to doubt impartiality, did not require disqualification.
- The court relied on the fact that all letters were disclosed to both sides, reducing any risk of undisclosed ex parte influence.
- The case was to proceed before the same judge.

## Legal Principles

- When no statute mandates disqualification, recusal is generally left to the trial judge’s discretion.
- A party seeking recusal must show facts indicating actual bias or a situation that would cause a reasonable person to question the judge’s ability to be fair.
- Unsolicited communications from victims, families, or community members do not, by themselves, require recusal, especially when the court promptly discloses the communications to both parties.
- Disclosure and an adequate record that the judge can remain fair weigh against disqualification based solely on the existence, number, or tone of unsolicited letters.

## Conclusion

People v. Michael M. held that a judge need not step aside merely because the court received unsolicited letters about a highly charged allegation, where the letters were shared with both sides and the defendant did not establish actual prejudice or an objective basis to doubt the judge’s impartiality.


People v. Michael M., 475 N.Y.S.2d 774 (1984)