## Facts

- Sheriff’s deputy Roger Rude worked undercover and met Byron Peppars.
- During their contact, Peppars asked Rude whether he knew of any warehouses that could be easily burglarized.
- Rude later gave Peppars information about a particular warehouse and provided a key to the building.
- Police prepared the location as a sting operation by placing televisions inside the warehouse and putting the site under surveillance.
- Shortly after Rude provided the information and key, Peppars’s brother and another accomplice arrived at the warehouse in a rental truck.
- The two men used the key to open the warehouse door and began loading items into the truck.
- Officers arrested Peppars’s brother and the accomplice at the scene.
- The rental truck had been rented by Peppars, and he was arrested as well.
- Peppars was charged with conspiracy to commit burglary and attempted burglary.
- The jury could not reach a verdict on the attempted burglary count, and the court declared a mistrial as to that count.
- The jury convicted Peppars of conspiracy to commit burglary, and Peppars appealed, arguing the evidence did not support the conspiracy conviction.

## Issues

1. Whether substantial evidence supported Peppars’s conviction for conspiracy to commit burglary, including proof of an agreement to commit burglary and an overt act in furtherance of that agreement.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal affirmed the conspiracy conviction.
- The court held the record supported a reasonable inference that Peppars agreed with others to burglarize the warehouse.
- The court held there was sufficient evidence of overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy, including preparatory conduct tied to the planned burglary and the accomplices’ actions at the warehouse.

## Legal Principles

- Criminal conspiracy requires (1) an agreement by two or more persons to commit a crime and (2) an overt act committed by any conspirator in furtherance of the agreement.
- The agreement element rarely is proven by direct evidence; it may be shown through circumstantial evidence, including the parties’ conduct and coordination.
- An overt act need not be criminal by itself; it must only be a step that moves the planned offense forward.
- A conspirator need not personally commit the overt act, and need not be physically present when a coconspirator carries it out.
- On appeal, a conviction is upheld if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, a rational trier of fact could find the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

## Conclusion

The court affirmed Peppars’s conspiracy-to-burglarize conviction because the evidence permitted the jury to find that Peppars joined an agreement to burglarize the targeted warehouse and that overt acts were committed to carry out the plan, including Peppars’s role in arranging logistics (such as the rental truck) and his accomplices’ entry into the warehouse and loading of goods.


People v. Peppars, 140 Cal.App.3d 677, 189 Cal. Rptr. 879 (1983)