## Facts

- The defendant, Phillips, was prosecuted by the State of California for felony offenses arising from a disputed set of events involving alleged criminal conduct.
- The prosecution’s case relied heavily on witness testimony and the admission of evidence connecting Phillips to the charged acts.
- Phillips denied criminal liability and challenged the accuracy and reliability of the identification and supporting testimony.
- At trial, Phillips objected to certain prosecution evidence as improperly admitted and argued that the jury received instructions that misstated governing legal standards.
- The trial court overruled key defense objections, admitted the challenged evidence, and delivered the disputed instructions.
- The jury returned guilty verdicts, and Phillips was convicted and sentenced.
- Phillips appealed, arguing that the trial court committed reversible error affecting the fairness of the trial.

## Issues

1. Whether the trial court committed reversible error by admitting contested prosecution evidence over defense objection.
2. Whether the trial court’s jury instructions misstated the law or reduced the prosecution’s burden of proof.
3. Whether the cumulative effect of the asserted errors deprived Phillips of a fair trial requiring reversal.

## Decision

- The California Supreme Court reversed the judgment of conviction.
- The Court concluded that at least one of the challenged rulings constituted prejudicial error.
- The Court held that the instructions, considered as delivered, created a substantial risk the jury applied an incorrect legal standard to material issues.
- The Court determined the error was not harmless because it related to central questions of guilt and the jury’s evaluation of critical evidence.
- The case was remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with the opinion.

## Legal Principles

- A conviction must be reversed when an instructional error or evidentiary error affects a material issue and there is a reasonable probability it influenced the verdict.
- Jury instructions must correctly state the prosecution’s burden and the elements the State must prove; ambiguity that risks lowering the burden can be prejudicial.
- Trial courts must exercise gatekeeping over evidence so that contested proof is admitted only when legally permissible and when its use does not create unfair prejudice that outweighs probative value.
- Harmless-error review turns on whether the error likely affected the outcome in light of the whole record; errors touching the core theory of guilt are less likely to be harmless.
- When multiple errors combine to affect the reliability of the verdict, reversal may be required even if any single error might not independently justify relief.

## Conclusion

The California Supreme Court reversed Phillips’s conviction because the trial proceedings included prejudicial legal error—particularly in the trial court’s handling of key evidence and the jury instructions—creating an unacceptable risk that the verdict rested on an incorrect application of law, and it remanded for a new trial.


People v. Phillips, 64 Cal. 2d 574 (Cal. 1966)