## Facts

- Michael J. Phillips, a high school senior, bought and ate lunch in a public high school cafeteria operated by the Town of West Springfield.
- The meal included bite-sized cubes of white turkey meat served with gravy and peas over mashed potatoes.
- While eating, Phillips bit into a cube and expelled a hooked bone about 1.5 inches long.
- Phillips suffered an esophageal injury and was hospitalized for four days.
- Phillips sued the town for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 2-314(2)(c), alleging the food was not fit for its ordinary purpose.
- After a bench trial, the judge found Phillips reasonably expected boneless turkey based on the food’s form and service, but concluded an ordinary consumer should expect bones in turkey and treated the bone as a natural substance that did not make the food unwholesome.
- Judgment entered for the town; Phillips appealed, and the Supreme Judicial Court took the appeal on its own motion.

## Issues

1. What standard governs breach-of-warranty claims for injuries caused by bones or similar substances in food: the foreign-substance/natural-substance test or a reasonable-expectations test under § 2-314(2)(c)?
2. Were the trial judge’s findings and rulings consistent when viewed under the proper standard, particularly as to what an ordinary consumer would reasonably expect?

## Decision

- The Supreme Judicial Court adopted the reasonable-expectations test for determining breach of the implied warranty of merchantability when a consumer is harmed by a bone or other substance in food.
- The court held the trial judge’s findings and legal rulings could not stand because they were inconsistent under the adopted approach and were influenced by the rejected foreign/natural categorization.
- The court vacated the judgment for the town and remanded for a finding on the dispositive question: the reasonable expectations of an ordinary high school student concerning the likely presence of a bone in the turkey meal.

## Legal Principles

- Under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 2-314(2)(c), food breaches the implied warranty of merchantability if it is not fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used.
- In food-injury cases involving bones or similar substances, the proper inquiry is whether the consumer reasonably should have expected to find the injury-causing substance in the particular food item as served.
- The foreign-substance/natural-substance test is not determinative because a natural component of food may still render the product unfit if its presence would not reasonably be anticipated in the food’s presented form.

## Conclusion

Massachusetts replaced the foreign/natural substance framework with a consumer-focused reasonable-expectations standard for food-related implied warranty claims, vacated the defense judgment, and remanded for findings on what an ordinary high school student would reasonably expect regarding bones in the turkey served.


Phillips v. Town of W. Springfield, 405 Mass. 411, 540 N.E.2d 1331 (1989)