## Facts

- In 1993, R.M.R., a student at Richards Middle School in Muscogee County, Georgia, was sexually molested by his music teacher, Herman Larry Carr.
- After R.M.R. reported the incident, school officials confronted Carr; he was suspended, later admitted the molestation to the superintendent, and resigned.
- R.M.R., by his parent and next friend P.A.L., sued Muscogee County School District and Carr in federal court.
- R.M.R. alleged the school district was liable under federal law because it knew or should have known Carr posed a danger based on alleged prior misconduct.
- The case proceeded to a jury trial in the Middle District of Georgia, with disputes over pretrial discovery (including requests for student records) and the admissibility of certain witness testimony offered to show prior notice of Carr’s conduct.
- On the third day of trial, after R.M.R. had rested and the school district’s defense was nearly complete, an individual identified as D.L.J. appeared and claimed Carr had molested him repeatedly in 1984 and that he had reported it to the school principal.
- R.M.R. moved to add D.L.J. as a trial witness even though he was not listed in the pretrial order; the school district objected, arguing it would be unfairly surprised and would need time to depose D.L.J. and investigate his allegations.
- The district court denied the request to call D.L.J. and also ruled against R.M.R. on other contested discovery and evidentiary matters.
- The jury returned a verdict for Muscogee County School District, and R.M.R. appealed, challenging the district court’s discovery and trial-evidence rulings.

## Issues

1. Whether the district court abused its discretion by denying R.M.R.’s motion to compel additional discovery of student records sought to support a notice theory against the school district.
2. Whether the district court abused its discretion by excluding certain witness testimony offered to show Carr’s prior misconduct and the school district’s knowledge.
3. Whether the district court abused its discretion by excluding a late-proposed witness (D.L.J.) who was not disclosed in the pretrial order and surfaced mid-trial after the plaintiff had rested.

## Decision

- The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the judgment for Muscogee County School District.
- The court held the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to compel additional discovery.
- The court held the district court did not abuse its discretion in limiting or excluding certain trial testimony.
- The court held the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to allow D.L.J. to testify, given the late timing, the absence of prior disclosure in the pretrial order, and the unfair surprise and prejudice to the defense.

## Legal Principles

- Appellate review of discovery management and many evidentiary rulings is for abuse of discretion; reversal requires a showing that the district court made a clear error in judgment within the range of allowable choices.
- District courts have substantial authority to manage discovery, including denying motions to compel when the requested material is not shown to be necessary in light of the case’s posture and other available proof.
- A pretrial order controls the course of trial; a district court may exclude witnesses not identified in that order, especially where the witness emerges mid-trial and the opposing party has had no fair opportunity to depose the witness or investigate the claims.
- In deciding whether to permit a late-disclosed witness, trial courts may consider surprise to the opposing party, the ability to cure the surprise (including the need for continuances and added discovery), disruption of trial, and the importance of the testimony.
- Even highly probative testimony may be excluded when its late introduction would create unfairness that cannot be reasonably cured during an ongoing trial.

## Conclusion

R.M.R. v. Muscogee County School District affirmed a defense verdict in a student sexual-abuse case because the Eleventh Circuit found no abuse of discretion in the district court’s trial-management choices, including limiting discovery, restricting certain testimony, and excluding a mid-trial, undisclosed witness whose allegations would have required significant new investigation and would have unfairly surprised the school district.


R. M. R. v. Muscogee County School District, 165 F.3d 812 (1999)