## Facts

- Willy Rengifo sued his former employers, Erevos Enterprises, Inc., Uranos Construction Corp., and two individual defendants, seeking unpaid overtime under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and asserting racial discrimination claims.
- Defendants sought discovery regarding Rengifo’s immigration status, work authorization, and social security number or tax identification number.
- Rengifo moved for a protective order under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c) to bar that discovery.
- The court addressed the discovery dispute rather than the merits of the wage and discrimination claims.

## Issues

1. Whether Rule 26(c) permits a protective order barring discovery into a wage-and-hour plaintiff’s immigration status, work authorization, and social security/tax identification information.
2. Whether such immigration- and identification-related discovery is relevant to liability or damages in an FLSA overtime case.
3. Whether any marginal impeachment value is outweighed by the risk of annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or a chilling effect on the enforcement of labor rights.

## Decision

- The court granted the plaintiff’s Rule 26(c) motion for a protective order.
- The court barred discovery into Rengifo’s immigration status, authorization to work, and social security/tax identification information.
- The court found the requested subjects collateral to the wage-and-hour claims and insufficiently tied to any material issue.
- The court concluded the discovery would be oppressive and could deter similarly situated workers from asserting statutory rights.

## Legal Principles

- Under Rule 26(c), a court may, for good cause, limit discovery to protect a party from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.
- Immigration status and work authorization are generally not discoverable in wage-and-hour litigation when not relevant to a material claim or defense.
- Even where a party asserts credibility as a basis for immigration-related discovery, a court may limit discovery when the impeachment value is slight and the public interest in enforcing labor protections is substantial.
- Requests for a plaintiff’s social security number or tax identification information may be denied where defendants should already possess payroll and compensation records and the identification information is unnecessary to determine wages paid.

## Conclusion

The court used Rule 26(c) to prevent discovery into a wage-and-hour plaintiff’s immigration status, work authorization, and SSN/tax identification information, holding the material facts concerned hours worked and compensation, and that permitting such discovery would be oppressive and risk deterring enforcement of employee wage rights.


Rengifo v. Erevos Enters., Inc., No. 06 Civ. 4269 (HB), 2007 WL 894376 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2007)