## Facts

- Charles Dean Bingham met Leslie Cook on a bus traveling from Port Angeles to Sequim, Washington.
- Cook was a mentally handicapped adult who lived at the Laurisden Home (a group home) in Port Angeles and wanted to go to Sequim.
- Cook’s companion declined to accompany her; Bingham volunteered to go with Cook and help her return home.
- After getting off the bus in Sequim, Bingham and Cook went to a grocery store and then visited two residences.
- At the last residence, Bingham asked for a ride back to Port Angeles but was refused; he said he and Cook would hitchhike and they left on the Old Olympic Highway.
- Cook’s body was found three days later in a field about one-quarter mile from that last residence.
- The evidence showed Cook had been raped and killed by asphyxiation through manual strangulation.
- The State presented expert testimony that manual strangulation requires substantial and continuous pressure on the victim’s windpipe for approximately three to five minutes to cause death.
- The State charged Bingham with aggravated first-degree murder (premeditated murder), with rape as the aggravating circumstance, and argued that the three-to-five-minute strangulation period alone permitted the jury to infer premeditation.
- The jury convicted Bingham of aggravated first-degree murder; on appeal, Bingham conceded the evidence supported a murder conviction but challenged the sufficiency of the evidence of premeditation.

## Issues

1. Whether the time required to cause death by manual strangulation, without other evidence of reflection or planning, is sufficient to support a finding of premeditation for aggravated first-degree (premeditated) murder under Washington law.

## Decision

- The Washington Court of Appeals reversed Bingham’s conviction for aggravated first-degree (premeditated) murder.
- The court held that the time it takes to accomplish death by manual strangulation, standing alone, is not enough to prove premeditation.
- The court modified the judgment to second-degree murder and remanded for resentencing.
- The court overruled State v. Smith to the extent it could be read to allow a finding of premeditation based solely on the time necessary to complete a strangulation.

## Legal Principles

- Premeditation is a separate element from intent to kill and requires evidence of a mental process of thinking beforehand—deliberation, reflection, weighing, or reasoning—for some period of time, however short, before the intent to kill is formed.
- Evidence that a method of killing takes time may show the defendant had time in which premeditation could occur, but time alone does not prove that premeditation did occur.
- A premeditation finding must rest on facts supporting an inference of actual reflection; it cannot be based on speculation drawn only from the mechanics or duration of the killing.
- Treating elapsed time as enough by itself risks erasing the statutory line between intentional murder without premeditation (second-degree murder) and premeditated murder (first-degree murder).
- When the State relies on circumstantial proof of premeditation, the record must contain more than the fact that the act required sustained effort; there must be additional evidence from which a jury can reasonably infer prior thought and decision to kill.

## Conclusion

Because the State’s proof of premeditation rested on expert testimony that manual strangulation typically requires three to five minutes of sustained pressure, and the record contained no additional facts showing Bingham actually reflected and decided to kill (as opposed to forming intent in the course of an assault), the Court of Appeals held the evidence insufficient to support aggravated first-degree murder, reduced the conviction to second-degree murder, and remanded for resentencing.


State v. Bingham, 40 Wash. App. 553 (1985)