## Facts

- Rival street gangs (Bloods and Crips) exchanged gunfire in Youngstown, Ohio, injuring a Crips member, Edward McGaha.
- Later the same day, after another drive-by shooting at Crips members, McGaha and other Crips—including Leslie Johnson—gathered at a fellow gang member’s house, drank and used marijuana, and discussed retaliation against Richard “Boom” Miles, a Bloods member involved in the earlier shooting.
- A group stole/obtained three cars and left around 12:30 a.m. in a caravan; multiple participants were armed (including a shotgun, a .380, and a .45), and Johnson rode in the lead car with armed associates.
- The caravan drove into rival territory searching for “Boom,” intending to shoot him if found, then proceeded to an apartment complex he was known to frequent.
- At the complex, a cohort approached a porch, asked about “Boom,” and fired toward an apartment; two people inside were injured and a three-year-old child on the porch was killed.
- Johnson was prosecuted on complicity (aiding and abetting) theories for aggravated murder and attempted murder based on participation in the retaliatory mission rather than personally firing a weapon.

## Issues

1. What proof is required to establish complicity by aiding and abetting under Ohio Rev. Code § 2923.03(A)(2), including the mens rea element.
2. Whether the evidence was sufficient to support Johnson’s convictions for complicity to aggravated murder and attempted murder.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of Ohio reversed the court of appeals and reinstated Johnson’s convictions.
- The court held the evidence permitted findings that Johnson aided and abetted the shootings and shared the principal offender’s criminal intent.
- The court rejected the appellate court’s narrow view of complicity that effectively demanded direct proof of encouragement or assistance at the moment of the shooting.

## Legal Principles

- To prove complicity by aiding and abetting under Ohio Rev. Code § 2923.03(A)(2), the evidence must show the defendant “supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited” the principal in committing the crime.
- The state must also prove the defendant shared the principal’s criminal intent.
- Shared intent may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the crime, including coordinated conduct before and during the offense; direct evidence of an express agreement or verbal encouragement is not required.

## Conclusion

The court held that a defendant’s participation in a coordinated, armed retaliatory mission—together with surrounding circumstances—can support an inference that the defendant aided and abetted the principal and shared the principal’s intent, sustaining convictions for complicity to aggravated murder and attempted murder.


State v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St. 3d 240 (2001)