## Facts

- David Patrick Ramirez confronted a man named David at Ramirez’s girlfriend’s townhouse after David came to visit her while Ramirez was present.
- After Ramirez let David inside, Ramirez threatened David and pressed a gun into David’s side, stating words to the effect of “I could have took you out already.”
- About a month later, Ramirez left the same townhouse and saw a man approaching who was David’s brother and resembled David.
- Ramirez approached the brother, shook his hand, and then unexpectedly drew a gun and shot him three times, pausing between the second and third shots.
- The victim died from the shooting; multiple witnesses observed the incident.
- The main dispute at trial was whether the killing was premeditated (first-degree murder) or impulsive (supporting second-degree murder).
- Arizona’s statute defined premeditation as an intentional or knowing killing preceded by a “length of time to permit reflection.” A.R.S. § 13-1101(1).
- The trial court instructed the jury that premeditation required time “long enough to permit reflection,” that the time “may be as instantaneous as successive thoughts in the mind,” and that the period of reflection—“regardless of its length”—distinguished first- from second-degree murder.
- The jury convicted Ramirez of first-degree murder. Ramirez appealed, arguing the instruction (and the State’s final argument) allowed the jury to find premeditation based on an instant rather than actual reflection.

## Issues

1. Whether the trial court’s premeditation instruction, especially the statement that reflection “may be as instantaneous as successive thoughts,” misstated Arizona law and reduced the State’s burden to prove premeditation beyond a reasonable doubt.
2. Whether the prosecutor’s closing argument, when combined with the instruction, reinforced an incorrect understanding of premeditation requiring reversal when premeditation was the only disputed issue at trial.

## Decision

- The Arizona Court of Appeals reversed Ramirez’s first-degree murder conviction and remanded for a new trial.
- The court held the instruction and the State’s final argument wrongly suggested premeditation could be a mere instant of time, instead of requiring actual reflection during a period that permits reflection.
- Because premeditation was the sole contested issue, the error could not be treated as harmless on this record.

## Legal Principles

- Under A.R.S. § 13-1101(1), premeditation requires proof that the defendant’s intent or knowledge to kill existed before the killing for a length of time that permits reflection.
- Premeditation is not established merely because intent to kill formed at or near the moment of the act; the State must prove reflection, not just intent.
- Jury instructions on premeditation may not imply that the reflection requirement is satisfied by an “instantaneous” mental state that collapses the distinction between first- and second-degree murder.
- When an erroneous instruction concerns the only disputed element and the prosecutor’s argument presses the same incorrect theme, reversal is required unless the State shows the error did not affect the verdict.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeals concluded that Ramirez’s jury was told, and then urged in closing, that premeditation could be “as instantaneous as successive thoughts,” which risked treating any intentional killing as premeditated and thereby reduced the State’s burden on the only contested element; the court therefore reversed the first-degree murder conviction and remanded for a new trial.


State v. Ramirez, 945 P.2d 376, 190 Ariz. 65 (1997)