## Facts

- Police used a confidential informant (CI) to arrange a controlled cocaine purchase through Mario Romero-Garcia.
- Officers followed the CI to Hailey, where the CI picked up Romero-Garcia at Romero-Garcia’s residence.
- The CI and Romero-Garcia drove to an apartment complex in Ketchum while police maintained surveillance.
- Romero-Garcia left the vehicle, went into an apartment, and returned with another individual described as a high-level drug dealer.
- The dealer agreed to sell the CI one ounce of cocaine for $800, returned to the apartment to obtain the cocaine, and then exchanged the cocaine for the $800.
- Romero-Garcia received $200 for arranging and facilitating the transaction and was driven back to his residence.
- The dealer was convicted of trafficking in cocaine and failing to affix illegal-drug tax stamps to the cocaine he sold.
- Romero-Garcia, tried with the dealer, was convicted of (1) aiding and abetting trafficking in cocaine and (2) aiding and abetting failure to affix illegal-drug tax stamps.
- On appeal, Romero-Garcia challenged alleged prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument (as to both convictions) and challenged the sufficiency of the evidence and the jury instructions on the aiding-and-abetting tax-stamp conviction.

## Issues

1. Whether the prosecutor’s closing-argument remarks required reversal because they improperly commented on Romero-Garcia’s right not to present evidence and improperly appealed to racial or ethnic prejudice.
2. Whether the evidence was sufficient to support Romero-Garcia’s conviction for aiding and abetting the dealer’s failure to affix illegal-drug tax stamps.
3. Whether the jury instructions on aiding and abetting the tax-stamp offense properly stated the required mental state.

## Decision

- The Idaho Court of Appeals affirmed both judgments of conviction.
- The court rejected Romero-Garcia’s prosecutorial-misconduct claims, concluding the challenged remarks, viewed in context, did not warrant reversal.
- The court held the evidence was sufficient for a rational jury to find Romero-Garcia intentionally assisted the dealer’s possession and delivery of cocaine that lacked required tax stamps.
- The court held the jury instructions, read as a whole, adequately conveyed the mental state for aiding and abetting the tax-stamp offense and did not mislead the jury.

## Legal Principles

- Closing-argument claims are evaluated in context; reversal is required only when improper argument deprives the defendant of a fair trial.
- A prosecutor may comment on the state of the evidence and argue that evidence is uncontradicted, so long as the remarks are not framed so the jury would naturally and necessarily take them as a comment on the defendant’s exercise of the right to remain silent or to present no defense.
- Appeals to racial or ethnic bias are improper; a defendant must still show prejudice sufficient to require a new trial.
- Under Idaho Code § 18-204, a person who aids and abets the commission of a crime is chargeable as a principal; aiding and abetting requires intentional assistance, encouragement, or participation with knowledge of the criminal conduct being assisted.
- Under Idaho’s illegal-drug tax statutes (including Idaho Code §§ 63-4205 and 63-4207), the tax-stamp offense is tied to unlawful possession or delivery of controlled substances without required stamps; an accomplice may be convicted if he intentionally assists the principal’s unstamped possession or delivery.
- Sufficiency review asks whether, viewing the evidence and reasonable inferences in the state’s favor, a rational trier of fact could find the elements proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
- Jury instructions are reviewed as a whole; error occurs when instructions fail to require an essential element or create a reasonable likelihood the jury was misled about the governing mental state.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeals affirmed Romero-Garcia’s convictions because the prosecutor’s closing remarks, read in context, did not require reversal, and because Romero-Garcia’s conduct in arranging and facilitating the cocaine sale for payment supported an inference that he knowingly and intentionally assisted the dealer’s possession and delivery of cocaine without tax stamps; the jury was also properly instructed on the mental state for aiding and abetting the tax-stamp offense.


State v. Romero-Garcia, 139 Idaho 199, 75 P.3d 1209 (2003)