## Facts

- Satonia Small left her two young children alone in their apartment while she went to drink alcohol at a friend’s residence.
- During her absence, a kitchen fire started when a pan left on a stove burner melted and ignited.
- Small returned after being alerted to the fire and learned her six-year-old daughter, S.S., had been found unconscious; S.S. later died from smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning.
- The State charged Small with second degree murder under a felony-murder theory, using cruelty to juveniles as the underlying felony.
- At trial, the prosecution introduced evidence that Small had previously pleaded guilty to criminal abandonment in an earlier incident involving leaving the children unsupervised and had agreed not to leave them alone again.
- The jury convicted Small of second degree murder, and the trial court imposed a life sentence without parole; the court of appeal affirmed.

## Issues

1. Whether second degree felony murder applies when the victim’s death results from an accidental fire occurring during the defendant’s criminally negligent failure to supervise, rather than from a direct act of killing by the defendant or an accomplice.
2. If the evidence is insufficient for second degree murder, whether it is sufficient to support a conviction for negligent homicide as a lesser-included offense.

## Decision

- The Louisiana Supreme Court reversed the second degree murder conviction, holding the felony-murder provision required a direct act of killing by the defendant or a co-felon.
- The court entered a judgment of conviction for negligent homicide as a lesser-included offense, finding sufficient evidence of criminal negligence and legal causation.
- The case was remanded for resentencing consistent with negligent homicide.

## Legal Principles

- Louisiana applies an agency theory of felony murder: felony-murder liability requires that the killing be committed by a direct act of the defendant or an accomplice, not solely by accidental events connected to the felony.
- A criminal omission or “negative act,” even if it constitutes criminal neglect, does not satisfy the “direct act of killing” requirement for second degree felony murder.
- Negligent homicide is the killing of a human being by criminal negligence, defined as a gross deviation below the standard of care expected of a reasonably careful person under similar circumstances.
- For negligent homicide, the defendant’s criminally negligent conduct need not be the sole cause of death; it is sufficient if it was a substantial factor in bringing about or hastening the death.
- Prior similar misconduct and warnings may support a finding that the defendant consciously disregarded a known risk, bearing on criminal negligence.

## Conclusion

The court held that a child’s death from an accidental fire during a parent’s criminally negligent absence did not satisfy Louisiana’s felony-murder requirement of a direct act of killing by the defendant or an accomplice, but it did support negligent homicide; the conviction was reduced and the case remanded for resentencing.


State v. Small, 100 So. 3d 797 (La. 2012)