## Facts

- Congress enacted the Mushroom Promotion, Research, and Consumer Information Act of 1990, authorizing creation of a Mushroom Council appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture from industry nominees.
- The Act authorized mandatory assessments on handlers of fresh mushrooms (up to one cent per pound) to fund promotion, research, and consumer and industry information.
- Most assessment funds were used for generic advertising to increase mushroom sales.
- United Foods, a producer/handler selling branded mushrooms, refused to pay the assessments, asserting a First Amendment right not to subsidize generic advertising.
- United Foods argued the generic ads conflicted with its preferred marketing message differentiating its brand as superior.
- The government sought to enforce payment in federal district court; the matter was consolidated with review of an adverse administrative decision.
- The district court ruled for the government, relying on a prior decision upholding advertising assessments within a comprehensive agricultural marketing scheme.
- The Sixth Circuit reversed, finding the mushroom program lacked the broader marketing-order regulation present in the prior case.

## Issues

1. Whether the First Amendment permits the federal government to compel mushroom handlers to fund generic, industry-wide advertising through mandatory assessments.
2. Whether compelled funding for advertising is constitutional when the advertising is the principal object of the program rather than incidental to a comprehensive regulatory marketing scheme.
3. Whether the generic advertising could be treated as government speech insulating it from First Amendment challenge.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court affirmed the Sixth Circuit and held the mandatory assessment requirement unconstitutional under the First Amendment.
- The Court treated compelled subsidies for speech as triggering First Amendment scrutiny, including in the commercial-speech context.
- The Court distinguished the prior agricultural marketing decision because, here, compelled advertising was not ancillary to a broader program that substantially restricted marketing autonomy.
- The Court concluded the mushroom scheme largely left prices, output, and individual marketing decisions unregulated, while primarily compelling funding of speech.
- The Court rejected treating the advertisements as government speech on the record presented and the program’s structure.

## Legal Principles

- The First Amendment can bar compelled financial subsidies for speech, including commercial speech, when payers are forced to fund messages they oppose.
- Compelled advertising assessments are more likely permissible when they are a subordinate component of a broader, comprehensive economic regulatory scheme that binds producers into cooperative marketing rules.
- When compelled payments chiefly fund speech and speech is the program’s principal object, the program is subject to meaningful First Amendment limits.
- A government-speech defense is not automatically available for industry-funded, industry-directed promotional campaigns created through mandatory private assessments.

## Conclusion

The Court held that forcing mushroom handlers to pay for generic promotional advertising violated the First Amendment because the program’s primary function was to compel funding of speech, unlike regimes where such advertising is only an incidental part of a comprehensive marketing regulation.


United States v. United Foods, Inc., 533 U.S. 405 (2001)