## Facts

- Isaac Alejandro Velazquez and Adalberto Alvarez agreed to an illegal drag race on a public road in Hialeah, Florida.
- The race ran about a quarter mile from a start point near a guardrail by a canal to a turnaround point.
- Both drivers drove at extreme speeds; evidence indicated Alvarez reached about 123 mph and Velazquez about 98 mph.
- After passing the finish/turnaround area, Alvarez abruptly turned around and raced back toward the start at about 123 mph; Velazquez followed at a somewhat lower speed.
- Near the starting line, both cars could not stop; Alvarez’s car broke through the guardrail, went into/over the canal area, and Alvarez was ejected and killed.
- Velazquez’s car also went through the guardrail area and ended up in the canal; he survived.
- The record indicated Alvarez had faulty brakes and had been drinking.
- No non-participants were injured or killed; the only death was Alvarez, a willing co-participant.

## Issues

1. Whether Velazquez’s participation in the drag race was a legally sufficient proximate cause of Alvarez’s death to support a charge of vehicular homicide when the decedent was a willing co-participant whose own voluntary reckless conduct produced the fatal injury.

## Decision

- The appellate court reversed the trial court’s denial of Velazquez’s motion to dismiss.
- The court held the State’s facts did not establish proximate cause for vehicular homicide as a matter of law.
- The court directed dismissal of the vehicular homicide charge.

## Legal Principles

- Criminal causation requires more than cause-in-fact; proximate cause limits liability where the result is outside a fair assessment of the danger created or where imposing liability would be unjust on policy and fairness grounds.
- A victim’s voluntary, independent, and reckless conduct may constitute a superseding cause that breaks the chain of legal causation.
- Liability principles applied in cases involving deaths of innocent third parties do not necessarily apply when the only death is a willing participant in the risky conduct.
- When undisputed facts cannot support a finding of proximate cause, dismissal is required because no reasonable jury could lawfully find the necessary causal connection.

## Conclusion

Because Alvarez’s death resulted from his own voluntary decision to reverse course and speed toward a known hazard, compounded by his vehicle condition and intoxication, the court found his conduct a superseding cause and held it would be unfair and beyond the proper scope of criminal responsibility to treat Velazquez’s participation in the race as proximate cause for vehicular homicide.


Velazquez v. State, 561 So. 2d 347 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990)