## Facts

- James C. Young was stopped at a red light in Prince George’s County, Maryland, driving a Volkswagen Beetle.
- A Ford driven by William Benson struck the Beetle from the rear, forcing it forward.
- The plaintiffs alleged that impact forces caused the Beetle’s seat bracketing and adjustment mechanisms to break, detaching the entire seat assembly.
- Young was allegedly thrown into the rear of the vehicle during this “second collision,” sustaining fatal head and torso (or head and neck) injuries.
- The plaintiffs (Young’s mother and widow) brought a wrongful death action against Volkswagen of America, Inc., the U.S. importer/distributor.
- The complaint did not allege that any defect caused the initial rear-end collision; it alleged that vehicle design and manufacture unreasonably increased injury severity after the collision.
- The federal district court certified questions of Maryland law to the Court of Appeals of Maryland regarding “intended use” and whether the pleadings stated claims in negligence, warranty, or “absolute liability.”

## Issues

1. Whether a motor vehicle’s “intended use” includes foreseeable involvement in collisions, creating a duty to provide reasonable occupant safety in such events.
2. Whether Maryland law recognizes a cause of action where an alleged design defect did not cause the accident but did cause or enhance the occupant’s injuries (“second collision”/crashworthiness), including under negligence, warranty, or strict liability theories.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeals of Maryland answered the certified questions to permit the action to proceed.
- The court held that an automobile’s “intended use” includes providing a reasonable measure of occupant safety in foreseeable collisions.
- The court held that the complaint stated a cognizable negligence claim alleging defective design that enhanced injuries in a collision caused by a third party.
- The court did not resolve the merits of defect, causation, or damages; it addressed only whether the allegations stated a legally sufficient claim under Maryland law and returned the case for further proceedings in federal court.

## Legal Principles

- A manufacturer’s duty of reasonable care in vehicle design extends to reducing unreasonable risks of injury in foreseeable collisions, even when the manufacturer did not cause the initial impact.
- In crashworthiness cases, liability may be based on a defect that causes or enhances injury, notwithstanding that another actor’s negligence caused the collision.
- Ordinary negligence principles govern: the factfinder assesses unreasonable danger through a risk-utility type inquiry considering foreseeability and magnitude of harm and the burden or feasibility of safer design.
- Multiple actors may be liable when the plaintiff’s injury results from both the negligence that caused the collision and a separate negligent condition that aggravated the injury.
- Discussion of warranty and “absolute liability” did not displace the court’s clear conclusion that negligence provided at least one adequate basis for the pleaded enhanced-injury claim.

## Conclusion

Maryland recognized that collisions are foreseeable incidents of vehicle use and that a plaintiff states a negligence claim by alleging a design defect that unreasonably increases or enhances occupant injuries in a collision not caused by a defect in the vehicle.


Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Young, 272 Md. 201, 321 A.2d 737 (Md. 1974)