## Facts

- James Davis Rowland, Jr. visited Nancy Christian’s apartment as a social guest.
- While using the bathroom, a porcelain water-faucet handle broke in Rowland’s hand, causing severe hand injuries, including tendon and nerve damage.
- Christian had known for about two weeks that the cold-water faucet handle was cracked and needed replacement.
- Christian had reported the defective condition to the building’s management but did not warn Rowland before he used the bathroom.
- Rowland sued, alleging Christian’s negligence caused his injuries.
- Christian admitted knowledge of the defect and reporting it, but asserted Rowland’s status as a social guest (licensee) limited her duty and raised contributory negligence and assumption of risk defenses.

## Issues

1. Whether an occupier’s duty to persons on the premises is determined by the traditional trespasser/licensee/invitee classifications or by ordinary negligence principles under California Civil Code § 1714.
2. Whether, under the governing duty standard, Christian could be liable for failing to warn Rowland of a known, potentially concealed, dangerous condition.

## Decision

- The California Supreme Court reversed summary judgment for Christian and remanded.
- The court held that premises-liability duty is governed by general negligence principles, not rigid entrant-status categories.
- The court concluded a factfinder could reasonably find negligence based on Christian’s knowledge of the defect and failure to warn, and that material factual disputes made summary judgment improper.

## Legal Principles

- California Civil Code § 1714 establishes a general duty to use ordinary care in the management of one’s property and conduct.
- Entrant classifications (trespasser, licensee, invitee) are not controlling determinants of duty; duty generally turns on reasonable care under the circumstances.
- Whether an exception to the general duty applies depends on explicit negligence-policy considerations, including foreseeability of harm, connection between conduct and injury, moral blame, prevention of future harm, burden of precautions, and insurance considerations.
- A possessor or occupier’s knowledge of a nonobvious dangerous condition and failure to warn may support liability under ordinary negligence principles, subject to comparative fault-type defenses assessed by the trier of fact.

## Conclusion

The court replaced status-based premises-liability duty rules with a general reasonable-care standard under Civil Code § 1714, holding that Christian’s known failure to warn of a cracked faucet handle could support negligence and that the dispute required resolution by a factfinder rather than summary judgment.


Rowland v. Christian, 69 Cal. 2d 108 (Cal. 1968)