## Facts

- Larry E. Pust, an employee at a sugar beet refinery, was injured while cleaning sugar-beet pulp from a conveyor belt.
- While using a rod to clear pulp, Pust’s hand was caught in an unguarded “nip point” where the belt met the roller, pulling his arm into the machine.
- Pust’s right arm and part of his right shoulder were amputated.
- Pust received workers’ compensation benefits under Montana’s workers’ compensation statute, which made compensation the exclusive remedy against his employer.
- Pust later settled a separate Montana medical malpractice claim against his treating physician and hospital; the agreement was limited to those parties.
- Pust sued Union Supply Company in Colorado, alleging the conveyor system Union Supply designed/manufactured was defective due to (1) lack of guards and an automatic cleaning device and (2) failure to warn of nip-point hazards.
- Pust introduced nongovernmental, industry-consensus conveyor safety standards through expert testimony to support defect and feasible safer design.
- Union Supply filed a third-party indemnity claim against the employer; the trial court dismissed the third-party claim before trial.
- After Pust’s case-in-chief, the trial court dismissed Pust’s claims; the court of appeals reversed.

## Issues

1. Whether Pust’s evidence on design defect and failure to warn was sufficient to require jury determination under strict liability and implied warranty, making dismissal as a matter of law improper.
2. Whether strict liability and implied warranty may apply to a manufacturer that designed/supplied a component or integrated system later used within another entity’s facility.
3. Whether nongovernmental, industry-consensus safety codes and standards are admissible and probative on the existence of a design defect and feasible safer design.
4. Whether workers’ compensation benefits and a separate medical malpractice settlement barred or satisfied Pust’s products-liability claims against the manufacturer.

## Decision

- The Colorado Supreme Court affirmed the court of appeals and held the trial court erred by dismissing the action at the close of Pust’s case.
- The court held the evidence created jury questions on strict liability and implied warranty for alleged design defect and failure to warn.
- The court held strict liability and implied warranty may extend to a component-part manufacturer when a defect in the component causes injury and the component reaches the user without substantial change.
- The court approved admitting industry safety standards as relevant evidence on defect and feasible safety measures.
- The court held workers’ compensation exclusivity protected only the employer, and the malpractice settlement (limited to the medical defendants) did not bar claims against Union Supply.
- The case was remanded for trial.

## Legal Principles

- Design-defect and failure-to-warn claims in strict products liability ordinarily present fact questions for the jury when supported by evidence from which defect and unreasonable danger may be inferred.
- A manufacturer may be strictly liable when it places into commerce a product in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to users, and the defect causes injury.
- Strict liability and implied warranty may apply to component-part manufacturers when the component is defective, foreseeably creates risk, and reaches the user without substantial change.
- Industry-consensus safety codes and standards, though not dispositive, are admissible as probative evidence of expected safety measures and feasible safer design.
- Workers’ compensation exclusivity bars additional liability only as to the employer and does not immunize independent third-party manufacturers; a settlement with separate alleged tortfeasors does not release others absent terms doing so.

## Conclusion

The court reinstated the injured worker’s products-liability claims, holding that evidence of unguarded nip-point hazards and related safety standards required jury resolution, that strict liability and implied warranty can reach component or system manufacturers whose defective designs cause injury, and that neither workers’ compensation benefits nor a separate malpractice settlement barred the action against the manufacturer.


Union Supply Co. v. Pust, 196 Colo. 162, 583 P.2d 276 (Colo. 1978)