## Facts

- Aberdeen Construction Group Ltd incurred costs preparing land for sale and sought to deduct these from capital gains under section 32(1)(b) of the Capital Gains Tax Act 1965.
- The company argued that the expenditures increased the market value of the land.
- The Inland Revenue Commissioners disputed whether these costs were genuinely for improving the asset's market value or were merely business-related expenses.
- The House of Lords assessed whether the spending was primarily intended to increase the asset's value or to support the company's business activities.

## Issues

1. Whether spending by Aberdeen Construction Group Ltd qualified as an allowable deduction under section 32(1)(b) of the Capital Gains Tax Act 1965.
2. Whether expenditure aimed at supporting business operations, which incidentally increased asset value, constitutes deductible improvement costs for capital gains tax purposes.
3. What criteria and evidence are required to prove a direct link between the expenditure and an increase in the asset’s market value.

## Decision

- The House of Lords held that only expenditure whose main purpose is to increase the market value of the asset is deductible under section 32(1)(b).
- Costs incurred primarily for business or operational reasons, even if they incidentally raise asset value, are not deductible as improvement costs.
- The company's development costs were found to primarily support its construction business, and the evidence provided did not sufficiently demonstrate that the primary purpose was to increase sale value.
- Accordingly, the deduction was disallowed.

## Legal Principles

- Section 32(1)(b) permits deductions only for money spent “wholly and exclusively for improving the asset’s value.”
- A direct and principal connection between the expenditure and an increase in the asset’s market value must be proven.
- Incidental value increases resulting from business operations or expenses intended for business use do not satisfy the statutory requirement.
- Maintaining thorough records that demonstrate the direct intention to increase value is necessary for claiming such deductions.

## Conclusion

The House of Lords clarified that, for capital gains tax purposes, only expenditures made exclusively to increase an asset's market value are deductible under section 32(1)(b). Costs related primarily to business operations, even if they also raise value, are not deductible. Claimants must provide clear evidence of intention and purpose in spending to qualify. This decision remains a significant authority on distinguishing deductible improvement costs from non-deductible business expenses in tax law.

Aberdeen Construction Group Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1978] STC 127, 52 TC 281 (HL)