Blake v Galloway [2004] 1 WLR 2844

Facts

• The case involved a group of teenagers engaged in consensual horseplay, during which one participant threw a piece of bark at another, causing injury.
• The claimant alleged that the act constituted battery.
• The defendant argued that the injury occurred within the context of mutual horseplay and implied consent.
• The participants were engaged in informal, non-hostile interactions typical of rough or boisterous play.

Issues

1. Whether participation in consensual horseplay could negate liability for battery under UK law.
2. Whether the specific act of throwing the bark exceeded the scope of consent and thus gave rise to a battery claim.
3. How the boundaries of consent are determined in the context of informal, playful activities.

Decision

• The Court of Appeal held that the claimant had implicitly consented to the general nature of the horseplay.
• The injury was seen as a built-in risk of the activity, and the defendant’s conduct did not exceed the reasonable scope of the consented behavior.
• The act of throwing the bark was not considered so far outside the scope of the horseplay as to constitute battery.
• As such, liability for battery was negated due to the defendant acting within the scope of mutual consent.

Legal Principles

• Battery is the intentional and unlawful application of force to another person without lawful justification.
• Consent is a defense to battery, but its scope depends on the context and reasonable expectations of the participants.
• Horseplay generally involves mutual, non-hostile physical contact, and participants consent to a certain degree of risk.
• Consent does not extend to conduct that is unforeseeable or exceeds what is reasonably acceptable in the activity.
• The assessment of whether conduct falls within the scope of consent must consider the context and nature of the interaction.

Conclusion

The Court of Appeal in Blake v Galloway clarified that mutual participation in horseplay typically implies consent, negating liability for battery unless the defendant’s actions go beyond the reasonable scope of that consent.