## Facts

- Byrne, a golf club member, discovered a notice on the club’s noticeboard.
- The notice, authorized by Dean as club secretary, implied Byrne was disloyal to the club, without specifying a particular act.
- Byrne claimed the notice suggested he was untrustworthy and disloyal, harming his reputation among other members.
- Dean contended the notice was not defamatory, reasoning that some members might approve of Byrne’s conduct.
- The notice was publicly posted within the club, making it widely visible to fellow members.

## Issues

1. Whether a statement implying disloyalty or misconduct is defamatory even if some recipients might approve of the conduct.
2. Whether the test for defamatory meaning relies on the perception of reasonable people, rather than the defendant’s intent or the approval of some of the audience.
3. Whether the context and audience of the statement influence its capacity to be defamatory.

## Decision

- The court held that a statement could be defamatory even where some might approve of the alleged conduct.
- Defamatory meaning is determined by whether the statement lowers the plaintiff’s reputation in the view of reasonable people, not by the speaker’s intent or approval of a minority.
- Statements implying disloyalty or untrustworthiness in a club setting may damage reputation and be actionable.
- Context and audience were deemed relevant in evaluating the impact of a statement’s defamatory meaning.

## Legal Principles

- Defamation is measured by the impact on the plaintiff’s reputation, not the intent of the speaker or approval by part of the audience.
- Statements implying disloyalty or misconduct may constitute defamation if they lessen standing among right-thinking members of society.
- The test for defamation is objective and centers on the views of reasonable people.
- The context and audience to which the statement is published are significant factors in the analysis.

## Conclusion

Byrne v Dean established that defamatory liability turns on the effect of statements on reputation among reasonable members of society, regardless of speaker intent or minority approval, with context and audience remaining essential considerations.


Byrne v Dean [1937] 1 KB 818