## Facts

- Mr. Darby drowned while swimming in a lake on National Trust property, which was open and accessible to the public for recreational activities.
- The National Trust had not installed warning signs, lifeguards, or barriers around the lake.
- Mrs. Darby, the claimant and widow, brought a claim against the National Trust under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957, asserting a breach of duty for failing to warn of the dangers associated with swimming in the lake.
- She argued that the Trust should have recognized and addressed the risk of drowning, particularly for inexperienced swimmers.
- The National Trust argued that drowning is an obvious risk of open water that any reasonable person would recognize, and asserted that imposing a duty to warn would create an unreasonable burden.

## Issues

1. Whether the National Trust, as occupier, owed a duty to warn visitors of the risk of drowning in the lake under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957.
2. Whether the risk of drowning in open water constitutes an obvious danger such that the duty to warn or provide safety measures does not arise.
3. Whether the absence of warning signs or additional safety measures amounted to a breach of the duty of care.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal dismissed the claim, finding no breach of duty by the National Trust.
- The court determined the risk of drowning in open water is obvious and does not require explicit warning.
- The decision clarified that occupiers are not required to protect visitors from risks that are part of the premises’ nature and are apparent to a reasonable visitor.
- The court highlighted that imposing a general duty to warn against such risks would impose an unreasonable burden on occupiers.

## Legal Principles

- The Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 imposes a duty to take reasonable care for the safety of visitors, but this does not extend to protecting against dangers that are obvious or part of the nature of the premises.
- Occupiers are not insurers of safety and are not required to warn or prevent visitors from engaging with obvious hazards.
- The law places responsibility on individuals to avoid patent risks associated with their actions.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeal affirmed that occupiers are not required to warn visitors of obvious risks such as drowning in open water, clarifying the limits of liability under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 and confirming the principle of personal responsibility for visitors engaging in activities where hazards are plainly apparent.


Darby v National Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 182