## Facts

- The case involved the misapplication of pension fund assets by trustees, who used the funds for personal and speculative investments.
- Claimants sought to trace the misappropriated trust funds into the hands of third parties, including the defendants.
- The defendants contended they were bona fide purchasers of the funds and thus immune from restitution claims.
- The Court of Appeal examined the circumstances and transactions surrounding the movement and application of the trust funds.
- The case addressed issues related to mixed bank accounts where trust funds were combined with other funds.

## Issues

1. Whether the defendants could successfully invoke the bona fide purchaser defence against claims for the recovery of misappropriated trust assets.
2. Whether the defendants had acquired a legal interest in the funds for value and without notice of the claimants’ equitable interests.
3. How tracing principles apply when trust funds are mixed with other assets, and whether the bona fide purchaser defence can defeat equitable tracing claims.
4. What standard of notice (actual or constructive) applies in assessing the defendants’ eligibility for the defence.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal held that the defendants did not satisfy the requirements for the bona fide purchaser defence.
- The defendants were found to have constructive notice of the claimants’ equitable interest due to the circumstances of the transactions.
- The court emphasized that failure to make reasonable inquiries into the nature and source of the funds constituted constructive notice.
- As a result, the defendants could not defeat the tracing claims of the beneficiaries.
- The decision reaffirmed the need for all elements—legal interest, valuable consideration, and absence of notice—to be established for the defence to apply.

## Legal Principles

- The bona fide purchaser defence requires the acquisition of a legal interest in property, the giving of value, and the absence of notice of any prior equitable claim.
- Constructive notice arises when a purchaser fails to investigate suspicious circumstances that would have revealed an existing equitable interest.
- Tracing is an equitable remedy that enables beneficiaries to recover misappropriated trust funds, subject to defeat by the bona fide purchaser defence.
- When trust property is mixed in an account with other funds, beneficiaries may trace into the mixed fund, claiming a proportionate share unless defeated by rights of a bona fide purchaser.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeal clarified the application and limits of the bona fide purchaser defence in trust disputes, confirming that defendants with constructive notice of a beneficiary's interest cannot resist claims for the recovery of misappropriated trust assets, while also elucidating the relationship of this defence to equitable tracing principles.

Independent Trustee Services Ltd v GP Noble Trustees Ltd [2013] Ch 91