## Facts

- Profinance Trust SA v Gladstone [2002] 1 BCLC 141 was decided by the Privy Council and concerned determining the fair value of shares during a buy-out.
- The case addressed how to assess share values, notably for minority shareholders, where market value may not reflect fairness due to limited potential purchasers.
- The court emphasized that a fair value assessment requires consideration of the company’s finances, potential future performance, and the specific circumstances of the buy-out.
- Technical evidence from impartial, qualified outside specialists was considered necessary due to the complexity of share valuations.
- The judgment highlighted the importance of basing share valuations on evidence, considering issues such as minority discounts, marketability, and control premiums, and requiring that any adjustments be clearly justified.

## Issues

1. What method should be used to determine the fair value of shares in a buy-out scenario, particularly where minority interests are involved?
2. When, if ever, are discounts for minority holdings or lack of marketability, or premiums for control, appropriate in the valuation process?
3. What is the proper role of independent evaluators in assisting the court to determine share value?
4. How should expectations of future company performance and risks be factored into share valuation?

## Decision

- The court established that fair value assessments should reflect what a willing buyer would pay a willing seller, with each fully informed and under no compulsion.
- Market value is not always determinative, especially for minority holdings; valuations must consider the shares’ true worth in context.
- Adjustments for minority discounts or marketability should only be made if clearly justified by the circumstances; premiums for control may apply where appropriate.
- Impartial, qualified outside specialists must provide evidence-based, transparent opinions to assist the court.
- Valuations must consider both historical results and realistic expectations for future performance, including relevant risks and liabilities.

## Legal Principles

- Fair value in buy-out disputes is a flexible concept, distinct from strict market value, designed to protect minority shareholder interests.
- Adjustments to share value (discounts or premiums) require clear, case-specific justification.
- The use of impartial, qualified independent experts ensures accuracy and fairness in technical valuation matters.
- Proper valuation entails both retrospective analysis and forward-looking assessment of the company’s business, industry environment, and foreseeable changes.
- Profinance’s framework remains influential, and its principles have been adopted in subsequent case law regarding share valuation.

## Conclusion

Profinance Trust SA v Gladstone set out comprehensive guidelines for share valuation in corporate buy-outs, emphasizing fairness, justified valuation adjustments, expert impartiality, and the significance of analyzing both the company’s present condition and future prospects, thereby shaping current practice in disputed share valuations.
