## Facts

- The case involved consideration by the Court of Appeal of the required mens rea for accomplice liability in criminal law.
- The central question was whether an accessory could be liable if they foresaw the possibility of the principal committing an offence, even if they did not intend the commission of the offence.
- The judgment established that liability as an accessory may be imposed where the accused was aware of a real or significant risk that the principal might commit the offence after being assisted.

## Issues

1. Whether foresight of a real or significant risk that the principal may commit an offence is sufficient to establish recklessness for accomplice liability.
2. Whether intent, as opposed to recklessness, is necessary for secondary liability in aiding and abetting a crime.
3. How foresight and conditional intent relate to the assessment of an accessory’s criminal responsibility.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal held that foresight of a real or significant risk that the principal might commit the offence is sufficient to establish the requisite mens rea for recklessness.
- The requirement for intention—namely, that the accessory desired the principal offence to occur—was confirmed to be unnecessary for accomplice liability.
- The judgment clarified that awareness of the possibility of the principal committing the offence, even coupled with hope it would not occur, may constitute recklessness.

## Legal Principles

- Foresight of a real or significant risk that an offence may be committed by the principal fulfils the test for recklessness in the context of accomplice liability.
- Intent and recklessness are distinguished: intent involves direct purpose, whereas recklessness requires only awareness of risk.
- The principle set out in R v Bryce has been referenced in later case law regarding joint enterprise and conditional intent in accomplice liability.

## Conclusion

R v Bryce is a leading authority clarifying that foresight of a real risk, rather than intent, suffices for recklessness in accomplice liability; this distinction has shaped criminal law’s approach to secondary participation.

R v Bryce [2004] EWCA Crim 1231