Facts
- The case concerns the continuation of business operations by the directors of W C Leitch Bros Ltd when the company faced inevitable insolvency.
- Directors operated the business despite mounting debts, ongoing trading losses, and no realistic chance of financial recovery.
- The court assessed directors’ awareness of the company’s deteriorating financial position, considering internal reports, financial statements, and other relevant documents.
- The case arose under Section 275 of the Companies Act 1929, now reflected in section 213 of the Insolvency Act 1986.
Issues
- Whether the directors continued to trade while knowing the company was insolvent.
- Whether there was an intent by the directors to defraud creditors by operating the company in these circumstances.
- Whether sufficient evidence existed to satisfy the high standard of proof required for a finding of fraudulent trading.
- What consequences should flow from a finding of fraudulent trading against the directors.
Decision
- The court clarified that knowledge of impending insolvency and intent to defraud creditors must both be established to prove fraudulent trading.
- It emphasised that continuing to incur debts with no reasonable prospect of repayment, or making false statements to induce credit, may evidence fraudulent intent.
- The burden of proof for fraudulent trading rests with the liquidator or administrator, requiring clear and convincing evidence.
- Upon finding fraudulent trading, the court may order directors to contribute to the company’s assets for the benefit of creditors.
Legal Principles
- Fraudulent trading requires proof of both directors’ knowledge of insolvency and intent to defraud creditors.
- The distinction is drawn between fraudulent trading and simple mismanagement or reckless trading; intent is essential.
- The liquidator bears a demanding evidentiary burden when alleging fraudulent trading.
- Directors hold duties to consider the interests of creditors when insolvency is impending; breaching these duties by engaging in fraudulent trading may result in personal liability.
- Section 213 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (previously Section 275, Companies Act 1929) empowers courts to require those knowingly involved in fraudulent trading to compensate the company’s creditors.
Conclusion
Re W C Leitch Bros Ltd [1932] 2 Ch 71 established the key requirements for fraudulent trading: directors’ knowledge of insolvency and intent to defraud creditors, setting a lasting precedent for director liability and creditor protection within UK company law.